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THE ECLECTIC 


ELEMENTARY 

GEOGRAPHY 





NEW-YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 







Eclectic Geographies. —Two-Book Series. 




Eclectic Elemental}' Geography, 8vo, 82 pp., 55 cts. 
Eclectic Complete Geography, 4 to, 114 pp., $1.20. 

Eclectic Physical Geography, 12 mo, 382 pp., $1.00. 
Correspondence Solicited. 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, 

NEW YORK. + CINCINNATI. + CHICAGO. 


Copyright, 1883, by Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. 
Copyright, 1896, by American Book Company. 


EC. ElE. GEOG. 
E-P 










(«) 

















The Elementary Geography is the first, or lower, of the two books which constitute the 
New Eclectic Series. Though designed as an introduction to the study of Geography, and 
adapted to the comprehension of young children, this book covers the entire subject, touching 
upon and explaining the salient points in each branch of the subject—Mathematical, Physical, 
and Political. The Maps are new, and were prepared especially for this book from the best 
authorities extant. While the accurate shape of each country has been shown with great nicety, 
clearness and distinctness have been attained by omitting such minor towns and such details of 
physical structure as in no way affect the practical requirements of the study. A chapter 
entitled “How to Study a Map” meets the difficulty which young children experience in un¬ 
derstanding the relation between a map and the country under consideration. 

The Map Questions are simple, and have been prepared with great care,—the direct answers 
being in most cases simply names which the pupil must find on the maps. Questions requiring 
descriptive answers are inserted at the end of each lesson. 

All educators now agree that the elements of Geography should be learned from a study 

of the locality in which the pupil lives. The smallest rill of running water serves to illustrate 
the action of rivers; a slight elevation may represent a hill, and serve as an introduction to the 

study of mountain systems. It is, of course, impossible to adapt the order of arrangement in 

one book to an infinite number of localities; but the division of the United States into as many 
as eleven sections not only secures a greater uniformity in the scale of the maps, but meets 
this demand for local treatment. 

By avoiding repetition, much new matter has been inserted without increasing the size 
of the book over that of the old Primary. Questions for Review are formulated at the close 
of the treatment. A Table of the Area and Population of the principal countries of the 
world is inserted. A full and complete Vocabulary, including every name of difficult pro¬ 
nunciation occurring in the book, occupies the last pages. 







CONTENTS 


Definitions, .... 
North America, 

United States, .... 
New England States, 

Middle States, .... 
Southern States, 

Central States, .... 
Northern States, 

South-western States and Territories, 
North-western States . 

Western States, 


British America, .... 

PAGE 

• 55 

Mexico, Central America, and West 
Indies, ..... 

• 57 

South America, .... 

. 6o 

Europe, ...... 

. 64 

Asia, ...... 

. 69 

Africa, ...... 

• 73 

Australia, ...... 

. 76 

Review Questions, .... 

• 79 

Tables of Area and Population, 

. 80 

Pronouncing Vocabulary, . 

. 81 


PAGE 

5 

17 

20 

2 6 

2 9 

33 

38 

44 

47 

49 

52 


(iv) 











THE EARTH. 

1. Geography tells about the world on 
which we live. 

2. The World is a large ball, which is 
always moving around the sun. It is called 
the Earth. 





We know that the earth is round because when a ship 
sails toward us we first see only the tops of the masts in 
the distance, then the lower sails, and finally the whole 
ship. 


3. The Sun gives us heat and light. 

4. The earth is constantly turning around 
on a line called its Axis. 

5. It takes twenty-four hours for the earth 
to turn once on its axis. When the side on 
which we live is turned toward the sun, it is 
day with us; when this side is turned away 
from the sun, it is night. It is usually cooler 
at night than during the day. 


E. G.—2 


(5) 




















6 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 



By sticking a wire through an apple, and turning it 
before a lamp, as the boy in the picture is doing, you can 
show how the earth turns on its axis, and why an object 
on its surface is in the light during the day and in the dark 
during the night. 

Questions. —i. What does geography tell about? —2. 
What is the world? What is it called?—3. What do we 
receive from the sun ?—4. What is the imaginary line 
called upon which the earth turns?—5. How long does it 
take for the earth to turn once on its axis ? When is it 
day? When, night? 


DIRECTIONS. 

6. The direction in which the sun first 
appears in the morning is nearly East. The 
direction in which it disappears in the evening 
is nearly West. 



7. When you stand with your right hand 
pointing east, and your left hand pointing west, 
the direction in front of you is North; that 
behind you is South. 


8. The direction half-way between north and 
east is called north-east; half-way between east 
and south, south-east; half-way between south 
and west, south-west; half¬ 
way between west and 
north, north-west. 

9. A Compass is an 
instrument containing a 
needle of steel, one end 
of which always points in 
a northerly direction. 

Questions.— 6 . What direc- Points of the Compass - 

tiorT is called east ? What one, west ?—7. How can you 
find the north? How, the south?—8. Where is north¬ 
east? South-east? South-west? North-west?—9. What 
is a compass? 



LINES OF THE EARTH. 

10. The ends of the earth’s axis are called 
Poles. The north 
end is the north 
pole; the south end 
is the south pole. 

11. A line extend¬ 
ing around the earth 
just half-way be¬ 
tween the north pole 
and the south pole is 
called the Equator. 

12. The equator is an east and west line, and 
is about twenty-five thousand miles long. 

If a man could walk 
all the time, at an ordi¬ 
nary gait, without ever 
stopping to rest, it would 
take him almost a year 
to walk around the earth 
on the equator. 

13. Lines extend¬ 
ing around the earth 
in the same direction 
as the equator are 
called Parallels. 

14. Meridians are lines on the earth extend¬ 
ing from the north pole to the south pole. The 
direction of meridians is north and south. 
























THE LAND. 


7 


15. The distance of a place from the equator 
is called its Latitude. Places north of the 
equator are in north latitude. Places south of 
the equator are in south latitude. 

16. Latitude is measured in degrees (marked 0 ) 
and parts of degrees. A degree of latitude is 
about sixty-nine miles long. Places on the 
same parallel are in the same latitude, and par¬ 
allels are often called Parallels of Latitude. 

17. The distance of a place from a meridian 
known as the prime meridian, is called its Lon¬ 
gitude. It is measured east or west from the 
prime meridian half-way round the earth. 

The prime meridians uSed in this book are the merid¬ 
ian passing through Greenwich, near London in England, 
and the meridian passing through Washington, the capital 
of our country. 

18. Longitude is also measured in degrees 
and parts of degrees. The length of a degree 
of longitude at the equator is about sixty-nine 
miles, but degrees of longitude become shorter 
toward the poles. 

Questions.—10. What are the ends of the earth’s axis 
called ? Which is the north pole ? Which is the south 
pole?— 11. What is the equator?— 12. How long is it? 
What is the direction of the equator?— 13. What are par¬ 
allels ?— 14. What are meridians ? What is the direction 
of meridians?— 15. What is latitude? When are places 
in north latitude? When in south latitude?— 16. How is 
latitude measured ? How long is a degree of latitude ?— 
17. What is longitude? How is it measured?— 18. Do 
degrees of longitude become longer or shorter toward 
the poles ? 

THE LAND. 

19. The earth’s surface consists of Land and 
Water. There is three times as much water as 
there is land. 

20. The Coast-line is the line where the 
land and the water meet. The land near this 
line is called the coast or the shore. 

21. A Continent is a very large body of 
land. 

22. An Island is a much smaller body of 
land surrounded by water. 

23. An Archipelago is a number of islands 
lying near each other. 


24. A Peninsula is a body of land nearly 
surrounded by water. 

25. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land 
which connects two larger bodies of land. 

26. A Cape is a point of land projecting 
into the water. 

27. A Promontory is a high cape. 

28. A Plain is a nearly level tract of land. 
When a plain is more than one thousand feet 
high, it is usually called a Plateau or a Table¬ 
land. 

29. A Hill is a mass of land rising above the 
surrounding country. When a hill is more 
than one thousand feet high, it is usually called 
a Mountain. 

The highest point of a hill or a mountain is called its 
Summit; the lowest part, where it begins to rise, its Base; 
the parts between the summit and the base are called its 
Slopes. 



Hill and Mountain. 


30. A Range, or Chain, is a number of hills 
or mountains standing close together in a long 
row. Several chains lying near each other 
form a Mountain System. 

31. A Volcano is a mountain from which 
smoke, flame, and melted rock sometimes issue. 

32. A Valley, or Basin, is a tract of land 
lower than the surrounding country. 

Questions. —19. Of what does the earth’s surface con¬ 
sist ? How much more water is there than land ?—20. 
What is the coast-line ? What is the land near the coast¬ 
line often called?—21. What is a continent?—22. An 
island ?—23. An archipelago ?—24. A peninsula ?—25. An 
isthmus?—26. A cape?—27. A promontory?—28. What 
is a plain ? A plateau or table-land ?—29. A hill ? A 
mountain?—30. A range, or chain? A mountain sys¬ 
tem?—31. A volcano?—32. What is a valley, or basin? 











8 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 



A Map. 



A Picture. 


A map shows where objects are and their direction from each other; a picture represents the objects themselves 
as they appear when looked at. The difference between a map and a picture may be seen in the above cuts. 


THE WATER. 

33. Three fourths of the earth’s surface are 
covered with water. This body of water is 
called the Sea. 

34. The water of the sea can not be drunk 
like rain-water, for it is very salt and bitter. 

35. An Ocean is one of the five parts into 
which the sea is divided. 

3C. A Gulf, or Bay, is a body of water which 
extends into the land. 

A large gulf, or bay, is sometimes called a sea. 

37. A Strait, or Channel, is a narrow passage 
connecting two larger bodies of water. A strait 
or a bay in which the water is not very deep is 
called a Sound. 

38. Some of the water which falls upon the 
land in showers sinks into the earth, and at 
length comes bubbling forth from the ground, 
forming a Spring. 

39. The stream of water which flows from a 
spring is called a Brook, or Creek. When 
many brooks unite their waters in one stream, 
they form a River. 

40. The place where a stream begins is called 
its Source; the place where it ends is called its 

Mouth. 

We go up a stream when we go toward its source; we 
go down a stream when we go toward its mouth. 


41. Some rivers have more than one mouth; 
the space between the mouths is called a Delta. 

42. A Lake is a body of water surrounded 
by land. Small lakes are called Ponds. 

43. The water of springs, rivers, and lakes is 
usually fresh, like rain-water, but not always. 

A salt lake is sometimes called a sea. 

Questions.—33. How much of the earth’s surface is 
water ? What is this body of water called ? —34. Would 
you like to drink some sea-water ? Why not?— 35. What 
is an ocean?— 36. A gulf, or bay?— 37. A strait, or chan¬ 
nel?— 38. How are springs formed?— 39. What is a 
brook? How is a river formed?—40. What is the source 
of a stream ? The mouth?—41. A delta?—42. What is a 
lake ? What are small lakes called ?— 43. Is the water 
of rivers and lakes usually salt or fresh ? 

MAPS. 

44. A Map is a drawing which shows, upon 
a flat surface, the position of different objects 
on the earth. 

45. On the maps in this book, oceans and 
lakes are represented by a blue tint; and the 
rivers, by crooked blue lines. 

46. All the parts of the maps not colored 
blue, represent the land. 

47. The mountains are represented by a great 
number of short brown lines. 

48. The position of towns is indicated by 
a little black ring, while the name of each town 
is printed close to the ring. 
















MAP OF THE WORLD. 


9 


49. The names of the different bodies of 
land or water are printed on or near them. 

50. The fine black lines passing from the top 
to the bottom of the map are parts of merid¬ 
ians, and are usually numbered at the top and 
bottom margins. 

In the maps on pages 10 and 11, eighteen entire me¬ 
ridians are shown, and are numbered along the equator. 

51. The fine black lines passing from side to 
side of the map are parts of parallels, and are 
numbered at the side margins. 

52. - The top of the maps is north, the bottom 
is south, the right hand side is east, and the 
left hand side is west. 

Questions.— 44. What is a map ?— 45. How are oceans 
and lakes shown on the maps in this book ? How are 
rivers shown ?—46. What parts of the map represent 
land ?—47. How are mountains represented ?—48. How 
are towns indicated ?—49. The names of bodies of land 
and of water?—50. How are meridians indicated ? Where 
numbered?—51. How are parallels indicated? Where 
numbered ?—52. What direction is toward the top of the 
map ? Toward the right ? Toward the bottom ? Toward 

the left? 

« 

MAP OF THE WORLD,—THE LAND. 

53. When a ball is divided into two equal 
parts, each of the parts is called a Hemisphere. 

On pages 10 and 11 is a map of the two hemispheres 
of the earth: the part on page 10 represents the Western, 
and the part on page n, the Eastern Hemisphere. 

54. In the western hemisphere there is one 
continent,—the Western Continent. In the 
eastern hemisphere there are two continents,— 

the Eastern Continent and the Australian 
Continent. 

55. The Western continent contains two 
grand-divisions,—North America and South 
America. The Eastern continent contains three 
grand-divisions,—Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

The Australian continent contains Australia 
only. 

56. There are a great many islands on each 
hemisphere. These are largest and most nu¬ 
merous between Asia and Australia. 

57. North America and South America are 
connected by an isthmus. Africa is joined to 


Asia in the same manner. Asia is the largest 
grand-division. Australia is smaller than any 
grand-division. Africa is larger than Europe; 
North America is larger than South America. 

58. Most of the land in each hemisphere is 
north of the equator. 

Questions. —53. What is a hemisphere ? What does 
the map on pages 10 and 11 represent?—54. What conti¬ 
nent lies in the western hemisphere ? What continents 
lie in the eastern hemisphere?—55. How many grand- 
divisions are there in the Western continent? What are 
their names? How many in the Eastern continent? 
What are their names ? What does the Australian conti¬ 
nent contain ?—56. Where are islands most numerous ?— 
57. How are North America and South America con¬ 
nected? Africa and Asia? Is Australia joined to any 
other continent ? Which is the largest grand-division ? 
What continent is smaller than any grand-division ? 
Which is the larger, Africa or Europe ? North America 
or South America ?—58. Where is most of the land ? 
What three grand-divisions lie north of the equator ? 
What two are crossed by it ? What continent lies entirely 
south of it ? 

THE WATER. 

59. The sea is divided into five great bodies 
of water called Oceans. 

The general depth of the oceans is about three miles. 
Islands are the tops of mountains which rise from the 
bottom of the sea. 

60. There is a small ocean around the north 
pole called the Arctic Ocean; another around 
the south pole called the Antarctic Ocean. 

61. The Atlantic Ocean separates America 
from Europe and Africa, and extends from the 
Arctic Ocean to the Antarctic Ocean. 

62. The Pacific Ocean separates America 
from Asia and Australia, and extends from the 
Arctic Ocean to the Antarctic Ocean. 

63. The Indian Ocean separates Africa from 
Australia, and extends from Asia to the Ant¬ 
arctic Ocean. 

Questions. —59. How many oceans are there ?—60. 
Where is the Arctic ocean? The Antarctic?—61. What 
ocean separates America from Europe and Africa ? What 
ocean north of the Atlantic ? What one south ?—62. What 
ocean separates America from Asia and Australia ? What 
ocean north of the Pacific ? What ocean south ?—63. 
Where is the Indian Ocean ? What grand-division is 
north of it ? What ocean south of it ? Repeat the names 
of the five oceans. 






M AP OP 



llurl’i'* 
- pull 


■'S isaoUf 


■{UbexM 


Marshall 
i Island J 


Gilbert 


Islands 


Society 














AFRICA 


NORTH 








SOUTH 


"" 




AMERICA 


AMERICA 


EUROPE 

AUSTRALIA 

— 






L —- 

— 


COMPARATIVE AREAS 




























































E WORLD 



0>cr»7 t '. 


Kerguelen 


AUSSEIL HINMAN, OLL. 


SOUTH 

AMERICA 


AUSTRALIA 

% 


NORTH 

AMERICA 





EUROPE 

AFRICA 





COMPARATIVE POIU LATIOXS. 

















































12 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


ZONES. 

64. Certain parallels divide the surface of the 
earth into five belts, or Zones : a torrid or hot 

zone, two temperate 
zones, and two frigid 
or cold zones. 

65. The No rt h 
Frigid zone lies 
around the north 
pole, and extends to 
the Arctic Circle. 

66. The South 
Frigid zone lies 

around the south pole, and extends to the Ant¬ 
arctic Circle. 

67. The Torrid zone lies on either side of the 

equator, and extends 
to the Tropic of Can¬ 
cer on the north, and 
to the Tropic of Cap¬ 
ricorn on the south. 

68. The North 
Temperate zone 
lies between the 
Tropic of Cancer and 
the Arctic Circle. 

69. The South Temperate zone lies be¬ 
tween the Tropic of Capricorn and the Ant¬ 
arctic Circle. 

Questions. —64. Into what is the earth’s surface di¬ 
vided by certain parallels? Name the five zones.—65. 
Where is the north frigid zone ? To what does it extend ?— 

66. The south frigid zone? To what does it extend?— 

67. Where is the torrid zone ? To what does it extend on 
the north ? On the south ?—68. Where is the north tem¬ 
perate zone?—69. The south temperate zone? 

CLIMATE. 

70. Climate is closely connected with 
weather. The kind of weather that is usual in 
a place, is said to be the climate of that place. 

71. In the torrid zone the climate is always 
hot, and snow or ice is never seen except on 
the highest mountains. 

72. In the frigid zones the climate is very 


cold, and snow and ice can be seen during most 
of the year. 

73. In the temperate zones the climate is 
neither always very hot nor always very cold. 

74. Places where it rains a great deal are said 
to have a wet climate. At other places scarcely 
any rain falls, and such places are said to have 
a dry climate. 

75. Mountains always have a colder, and gen¬ 
erally a wetter, climate than the lowlands near 
them. 

Questions.— 70. What does climate mean ? What is 
understood by the climate of a place?—71. What is the 
climate of the torrid zone?— 72. Of the frigid zones?— 
73. Of the temperate zones ?— 74. What is a wet climate ? 
A dry climate ?— 75. What is said of the climate of 
mountains ? 

PLANTS. 

76. The growth of Plants depends mainly 
on the climate. Many plants grow best in a 
warm, wet climate such as is found in parts of 
the torrid zone. 

77. In the moist parts of the torrid zone 
are thick forests of trees, with leaves which 
remain green during the entire year. 

78. In these forests are trees yielding the 
India rubber, from which water-proof clothing is 
made, and the palms on which cocoa-nuts grow. 

79. Coffee, tea, and sugar are obtained from 
plants which grow in the torrid zone. Rice, 
pepper, and oranges also grow in this zone. 

80. In the temperate zones forests are also 
found, but they are not so thick as those in the 
torrid zone, and the leaves of many of the trees 
wither and fall off in the autumn. 

81. Wheat and corn, and such fruits as the 
apple and the peach, are among the plants 
which grow in the temperate zones, as well as 
cotton which is made into cloth, flax from which 
linen is made, and hemp which is twisted into 
ropes. 

82. The frigid zones are too cold for any 
plants except moss and a few shrubs. 

83. In some parts of the torrid and temperate 
zones, the climate is so dry and the soil is so 











ANIMALS 


13 



fbt» 'R-H Mm 6 c f R 0 ? V,] 3 
rA>r THCAPPR oa C fl. < or v; 


sterile that no plants will grow; these places are called 
Deserts. 

84. In other parts are great plains upon which no 
trees grow, but which are covered with grass; these 
plains are called Prairies, or Steppes. 

Questions. —76. Upon what does the growth of plants mainly 
depend ? What climate is favorable for many plants ?—77. What 
plants are found in the moist parts of the torrid zone ?—78. What 
trees are found in the forests ?—79. Name some other plants of the 
torrid zone.—80. What is said of the forests of the temperate 
zones?—81. Name some other plants of the temperate zones.—82. 
Why are so few plants found in the frigid zones ?—83. What is a 
desert ?—84. What are prairies, or steppes ? 


-BROW Nj 
— BLEA R ^ 


ANIMALS, 


85. There are a great many kinds of animals in the 
torrid zone ; among them are the elephant, hippopota¬ 
mus, rhinoceros, tapir, lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, 
giraffe, llama, and many kinds of monkeys. 

86 . The crocodile, the alligator, and immense snakes 
called boa-constrictors, besides parrots and many other 
beautiful birds, are also found in this zone. 




































H 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 



87. There are not so many kinds of wild ani¬ 
mals in the temperate zones as in the torrid 
zone. The principal kinds are the bear, bison, 
elk, deer, wolf, fox, and ostrich. Besides these 
there are many domestic animals. 

88 . Domestic Animals are those which have 
been tamed to the use of man; such as horses, 
cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. In some parts 
of the earth, the elephant, the camel, and the 
llama have been trained to carry burdens, and 
in those countries these are also called domestic 
animals. 

89. The animals of the frigid zones have a 
very thick fur to keep them warm. Most of 
the furs which ladies wear, come from these 
animals. 

90. The principal kinds of fur-bearing ani¬ 
mals are the polar bear, the sable, the ermine, 
the otter, and the seal. The domestic animals 
of the frigid zones are the reindeer and the dog. 
These are used instead of horses for drawing the 
sleds of the natives. 

Questions.— 85. Name the principal animals of the 
torrid zone.—86. What is said of the reptiles and birds of 
this zone ?—87. What are the principal wild animals of 
the temperate zones ?—88. What are domestic animals ? 
Name some domestic animals.—89. Describe the animals 
of the frigid zones. For what is their fur used ?—90. Name 
the principal fur-bearing animals. What are the domestic 
animals of the frigid zone ? 

THE RACES OF MEN. 

91. The People living in one part of the 
world often differ from those living in other 
parts in the color of their skin and in their 
general appearance. 


92. People of the same color and appearance 
are said to belong to the same Race. 

93. There are five races: the Caucasian or 
white race, the Mongolian or yellow race, the 
Ethiopian or black race, the Malay or brown 
race, and the American or red race. 

94. The Caucasian or white race is superior 
to all, and exceeds every other race in numbers. 
White men can be found all over the earth, but 
they are most numerous in Europe. 

95. The Mongolian or yellow race is almost 
as numerous as the white race. Nearly all the 
yellow people live in Asia. 

96. The Ethiopian race lives principally in 
Africa. The black people are called negroes. 
The negroes in our country are the descendants 
of Africans. 

97. The Malay or brown race lives in Aus¬ 
tralia, the islands of the Pacific and Indian 
oceans, and the south-eastern part of Asia. 

98. The American or red race lived in 
America before the white men came here. The 
people of this race are called Indians, and now 
live mostly in the unsettled parts of North 
America and South America. 

Questions. —91. How do people living in one part of 
the world differ from those living in other parts?—92. 
When are people said to belong to the same race ?—93. 
How many races are there ? Name them.—94. What is 
said of the Caucasian race ? Where is this race most 
numerous?—95. Where is the Mongolian race found?— 
96. Where does the Ethiopian race live ? Of whom are 
the negroes living in this country descendants ?—97. 
Where does the Malay race live ?—98. Who lived here 
before the white people came ? Where do the Indians 
live now ? 















MANNERS AND OCCUPATIONS OF MEN. 


15 


MANNER OF LIVING. 


99. Those people who have houses to live in, 
books to read, schools, railroads, and steam¬ 
boats are called Civilized people. 



A Scene among Civilized People. 


100. The greater portion of the civilized 
people live in Europe and America, and belong 
to the white race. 

101. Half-civilized people have no railroads 
nor steam-boats, and not many books. Some 
of them live in houses, and have towns and 
cities; others have no fixed homes, but live in 
tents and wander about from one part of the 
country to another with their flocks and herds. 



A Scene among Half-civilized People. 


102. Most of the yellow race, and that part of 
the brown race living in Asia, are half-civilized. 

103. Savage, or Uncivilized, people do not 
live in houses, but in rude huts or in the woods 
without any shelter. They know nothing about 
reading or writing, and spend much of their 
time in hunting and fishing. 

104. Many of the natives in Africa and Aus¬ 
tralia, and the Indians in America, are savages. 



A Scene among Uncivilized People. 


Questions. —99. What people are called civilized ?— 
: 100. Where do most of the civilized people live?—101. 
Describe half-civilized people.—102. What races are half- 
civilized ?—103. Describe savage, or uncivilized, people.— 
104. What races are savage ? 

THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN. 

105. The kind of work which a man does is 
said to be his Occupation. There are four 
principal kinds of occupation: Agriculture , Min¬ 
ing , Manufacture , and Commerce. 

106. Agriculture consists in tilling the soil, 
producing crops, and raising domestic animals. 
Farmers are engaged in agriculture. 

107. Mining consists in obtaining minerals 
out of the earth. Those engaged in this occu¬ 
pation are called miners. 

The places from which coal and such metals as gold, 
silver, iron, and copper are obtained, are called mines ; the 
places from which building stone is obtained, are called 
quarries. 

108. Manufacture consists in adapting the 
products of agriculture or mining to the uses of 
man. Blacksmiths, shoe-makers, tailors, and 
millers are all different kinds of manufacturers. 

109. Commerce consists in buying, selling, 
and transporting the products of mining, agri¬ 
culture, and manufacture. These are usually 
bought in one place and carried to another to be 
sold. Merchants, sailors, and railroad men are 
engaged in commerce. 

Questions. —105. What are occupations ? Name the 
four principal kinds.—106. What is agriculture ? What 
are men called who have this occupation ?—107. What is 
mining ? What are they called who engage in mining ?—- 
108. What is manufacture ? Name some kinds of manu¬ 
facturers.—109. What is commerce? Name some of the 
branches of this occupation. 


























i6 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


FORMS OF GOVERNMENT. 

110. People living in the same country and 
obeying the same laws, form what is called a 
State. The men who make the laws and who 
punish those that do not obey these laws, form 
the Government of the state. 

111. There are two kinds of governments— 
Republics and Monarchies. 

112. In a Republic, the people choose some 
person as Governor or President , whose duty it 
is to see that the laws are not disobeyed. 

Our country is the greatest republic in the world. 



116. The Jews are descendants of Abraham. 
Their history and religious faith may be found 
in the Old Testament of the Bible. 

117. The Christian religion teaches that 
Christ is the Son of God and the Savior of 
mankind. The words of Christ are recorded in 
the New Testament of the Holy Bible. 

118. The Mohammedan religion teaches that 
Mohammed was the greatest of the prophets. 

119. Brahminism is one of the oldest re¬ 
ligions. Its followers live in eastern Asia. 

120. Buddhism was founded by an Indian 
prince named Buddha. It is now the religion 
of much of eastern Asia. 

121. Besides these, there are many Pagan re¬ 
ligions, whose followers worship idols and pray 
to them for help and protection. 

Questions. — 115. Mention five religions.— 116. What 
is said of the Jews?— 117. What does the Christian re¬ 
ligion teach? Where are Christ’s words recorded?—118. 
What is said of Mohammedanism?—119. Of Brahmin¬ 
ism?—120. Of Buddhism?—121. Of pagan religions? 


The President’s House, in Washington. 


HOW TO STUDY A MAP. 


113. In a Monarchy, the laws are enforced by 
a Prince , a King , or an Emperor , who is usu¬ 
ally the son or heir of a previous ruler. Such 
a country is called a Principality , a Kingdom , or 
an Empire. 

Some of the states of Europe are the greatest mon¬ 
archies in the world. 

114. The city in which the chief officer of a 
country usually lives, and where the laws are 
made, is called the Capital of that country. 

Questions. —110. What forms a state? The govern¬ 
ment?— hi. How many kinds of government are there? 
112. What is a republic ?—113. A monarchy ? Name three 
kinds of monarchies.—114. What is the capital of a 
country ? 


1. To bound a country is to name the coun¬ 
tries and bodies of water which border upon 
it,—naming first those on the north, then on the 
east, then on the south, and then on the west. 

2. To describe a river is to tell where it 
rises, through what countries and in what direc¬ 
tions it flows, and into what body of water it 
empties. 

3. To describe a lake is to tell in what part 
of a country it is situated, and to name its inlet 
and its outlet. 

4. To locate a mountain range is to tell in 
what part of a country it is situated, and in 
what direction it extends. 


RELIGIONS 

115. The principal religions are: the Jewish, 
the Christian, the Mohammedan, Brahminism, 
and Buddhism. 


5. To locate a town is to tell in what part 
of a country and on what body of water, or 
near what mountains it is situated. 

Questions. —1. How do you bound a country?— 2. 
How describe a river?— 3. A lake?— 4. How do you 
locate a mountain range?— 5. A town ? 



























NORTH AMERICA. 


Map Questions are to be studied before the Description. See page 19. 

DESCRIPTION. 


1. North America is the larger part of the Western conti¬ 
nent, and includes, besides the main-land, the islands of Green¬ 
land and Iceland, the Arctic Archipelago, and the West 
Indies. It is wider in the north than it is in the south. 

2. Surface.—There are two principal mountain 
systems in North America,—the Cordilleras and the 
Appalachian Mountains. 

3. The Cordilleras are composed of two prin¬ 
cipal mountain chains,—the Rocky Mountains and 
a more broken chain near the coast, called in 
different parts the Coast Range, Cascade Range, 

Sierra Nevada, and Sierra Madre. 

4. These mountains stand upon a high 
plateau, different parts of which are 
called the Great Plains, the Mexican 
Plateau, the Colorado Plateau, and the 
Great Basin. The Cordilleras occupy 
almost one half of North America. 

5. The Appalachian System is much 


Some 

Animals 

of 

North 

America. 


smaller, and lies in 
the eastern part of 
the grand-division. 

6. It is composed of low 
plateaus bordered on the east by 
several low mountain chains. 

7. Between the Cordilleras and 
the Appalachian system, a great 
low plain extends from the Gulf 
of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. 
8. In the south this plain is called the Mississippi 
Valley, and in the north it is occupied by a great many 
lakes, five of which—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and On¬ 
tario—are called the “ Great Lakes.” 

Questions.— 1. What islands does NortH America include? What is said of its 
shape?—2. Name the principal mountain systems.—3. Name the principal chains of 
the Cordilleras.—4. The principal plateaus. What is the extent of the Cordilleras ?— 
5. Where is the Appalachian system ?—6. Of what is it composed?— 7. What occupies the 
grand-division between the Cordilleras and the Appalachian system ? 8. What is this plain 
called in the south ? Name the Great Lakes. 

(17) 










w Strait G 




Chicago 


,C ° Denver 


St. Louis o 


Orleans 


MEXICO 


AORT1I AMERICA 


Scale, 750 Miles to the Inch. 

BOO 


1000 


MATTHEWS, NORTHRUP & CO., SC., BUFFALO, N.Y. 


Longitude West fronL’Washington 


RUSSELL HINMAN Of L 


9 




















































































































































NORTH AMERICA. 


*9 


MAP QUESTIONS. 

What ocean north of North America ?—What one 
east ?—What gulf south ?—What ocean west ?—What 
archipelago on the north ?—What island east of the Arctic 
Archipelago ?—What island east of Greenland ?—What 
island east of North America?—What islands south¬ 
east ?—What islands on the west coast ?—What large bay- 
in the north?—What strait connects Hudson Bay with 
the Atlantic ?—What bay west of Greenland ?—What 
strait connects Baffin Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ?—What 
gulf in the east?—What sea south of the West Indies?— 
What gulf in the south-west ?—What sea on the north- 
west ?—What strait connects Bering Sea with the Arctic 
Ocean ?—From what does Bering Strait separate North 
America ?—What two peninsulas in the south-east ?— 
What peninsula in the south-west ?—What one in the 
north-west ?—What cape projects into the Arctic Ocean ?— 
What cape at the southern extremity of Greenland ?— 
East of Labrador ?—What two capes south of this on 


the Atlantic coast?—What cape at the extremity of the 
peninsula of Florida ?—Of Lower California ?—What 
capes extend into the Pacific?—What cape extends 
into Bering Strait?—What mountain system in the 
west?—What is the longest chain of the Cordilleras?— 
What plains east of the Rocky Mountains ?—What is the 
chain near the Pacific coast called in various parts ?— 
What plateau between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky 
Mountains ?—What mountains near the Atlantic coast ?— 
What valley between the Cordilleras and the Appalachi¬ 
ans ?—What large river, between the Rocky Mountains 
and the Appalachian Mountains, empties into the Gulf of 
Mexico?—What long river empties into the Mississippi 
from the west ?—What river forms the outlet of the Great 
Lakes ?—What river empties into the Arctic Ocean ?— 
Into Bering Sea ?—Into the Pacific Ocean ?—Into the 
Gulf of California?—What country in the north of North 
America?—What country occupies the central part?— 
What country south of the United States?—What country 
south-east of Mexico ? 



9. Rivers.—There are three large rivers in 
this plain ; the Mississippi, flowing through the 
Mississippi Valley, and the St. Lawrence and 
Mackenzie, flowing from the lake region. 

Three large rivers flow westward from the 
Rocky Mountains to 
the Pacific; the Colo¬ 
rado, the Columbia, 
and the Yukon. 

10. Climate and Veg¬ 
etation.—The greater 
part of North America 
is in the north temper¬ 
ate zone. In the east 
and along the Pacific 
coast, the climate is 
moist, and extensive 
forests are found ; but 
much of the interior 
has a dry climate, and 
consists to a great extent of treeless prairies. 

11. Small parts lie in the frigid and torrid 
zones. In the frigid zone the climate is too 
cold for trees to grow. In the torrid zone the 
lowlands have a moist, hot, and unhealthful 

£. G - 4 - 


climate, and are covered with dense forests of 
tropical trees. The mountains are cooler, and 
such plants as grow in the temperate zone are 
found on them. 

12. Animals.—Most of the larger wild ani¬ 
mals are found in the 
north and west. The 
principal kinds are the 
polar bear, elk, and seal 
in the north ; the buf¬ 
falo, deer, antelope and 
wolf on the plains ; and 
the bear, panther, and 
wild sheep in the west¬ 
ern mountains. 

Niagara Falls. j3. inhabitants.— 

North America contains over 88 millions of 
inhabitants, most of whom live in the south¬ 
eastern and southern parts. 

Questions.—9. Describe the Mississippi. The St. 
Lawrence. Three large rivers flowing westward.—10. 
In what zone is most of North America? Describe the 
climate and vegetation in the east and along the Pacific 
coast. That of the interior. —11. The climate of the small 
part in the frigid zone. Of the part lying in the torrid 
zone.—12. What wild animals are found in North Amer¬ 
ica?—13. In what parts do most of the inhabitants live? 






















20 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


14. The inhabitants belong to four races: the 
Caucasian, the Ethiopian, the American, and 
the Mongolian. The whites are by far the 
most numerous; the blacks, who live chiefly in 
the south, are next in number. 

15. There are still a few Indians in the north 
and among the Cordilleras. A few Mongolians 
live along the shores of the Pacific and Arctic 
oceans. 

16. Divisions.—North America contains the 
following divisions: the United States, which 


owns Alaska; the Dominion of Canada; Mexico; 
Central America; the West Indies; and Greenland 
and Iceland. 

17. Greenland is covered with ice and snow. 
Iceland has a cold climate, and contains many 
volcanoes and geysers. Both of these islands 
belong to Denmark. 

Questions.—14. To what races do the inhabitants 
belong ? What race is most numerous ? Which next ?— 
15. Where are Indians still found? Where do a few 
Mongolians live ?— 16. What divisions does America con¬ 
tain ? —17. What is said of Greenland and Iceland? 


THE UNITED STATES. 


MAP QUESTIONS. 

Map oil Pages 22-23. 

What country north of the United States ?—What ocean 
east ?—What gulf and what country south ?—What ocean 
west ?—What gulf on the east coast ?—What two bays ?— 
What island on the east ?—What islands on the south¬ 
east ?—On the west ?—What four capes on the east ?— 
Two on the south?—Four on the west?—What mountain 
range west of the center of the country ?—What one near 
the Pacific?—What one between the Rocky Mountains 
and the Sierra Nevada ?—What basin west of the Wasatch 
Mountains ?—What plateau east ?—What plains occupy 
the central part of the country ?—What valley east of the 
Great Plains ?—What mountains in the eastern part of the 
country ?—What plateau west of these mountains ?—What 
plain to the east ?—What two rivers empty near Long 
Island ?—What three, into Chesapeake Bay ?—What is the 
largest river emptying into the Gulf of Mexico ?—What is 
the largest western tributary of the Mississippi ?—Name 
two other western tributaries.—What is the largest eastern 
branch of the Mississippi ?—What river on the south-west 
boundary of the United States ?—What river flows south¬ 
west across the Colorado Plateau?—What river joins the 
Colorado from the east ?—What two rivers west of the 
Sierra Nevada ?—What river flows across the north¬ 
western corner of the United States ?—Name two tribu¬ 
taries to the Columbia ?—What river flows north from the 
United States to Lake Winnipeg?—Name five lakes be¬ 
tween the United States and Canada ?—What large lake 
lies wholly in the United States ?—What river flows out 
of Lake Ontario?—What lake in the west?—Name 
fourteen states which touch the Atlantic Ocean ?—Name 


five states on the Gulf coast.—Eight touching the Great 
Lakes.—Name ten states touched by the Mississippi River. 
—Five touched by the Ohio.—Name seven touched by the 
Missouri.—Name five divisions touched by the Arkansas. 
—Name five divisions containing part of the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains.—What divisions contain part of the Colorado Pla¬ 
teau?—In what state is most of the Great Basin?—What 
three states border on the Pacific ?—Bound Alaska.—What 
part is mountainous?—What large river flows through it? 


DESCRIPTION. 

1. The United States is the country in 
which we live, and occupies the middle portion 
of North America. It also includes the north¬ 
western portion called Alaska. 

Our country is called the United States because it is 
composed of many separate states wiited under one 
government. 

2. Size.—The United States would make 
ninety states as large as Ohio, and is exceeded 
in size by only three governments in the world. 

3. Surface.—The surface of our country is 
composed of two great mountain systems—the 
Cordilleras and the Appalachians,— the broad 
Mississippi Valley between them, and the 
Atlantic Coast Plain between the Appalachians 
and the Atlantic Ocean. 









UNITED STATES. 


21 


4. The Cordilleras occupy almost the whole 
of the western half of the country, and contain 
the highest table-land and mountain ranges in 
the United States. 

The Rocky Mountains, the Cascade Range, and the 
Sierra Nevada are so high that trees and grass will not 
grow on their summits, where snow can be found even in 
summer. The Great Plains, the Great Basin, and the 
Colorado Plateau are about a mile high. 

5. The Appalachian mountain system is but 
one fourth as high as the Cor¬ 
dilleras, and is composed of a low 
plateau bordered on the east by 
many long, straight ridges lying 
side by side. 

The sides and many of the highest 
summits of the Appalachian Mountains 
are covered with forests. 

6. The Mississippi Valley is a 
low and nearly level plain, sloping 
gradually southward, between the 
Appalachian Mountains and the 
Cordilleras. 

It contains the most fertile part of the 
Union, and produces great quantities of 
cotton, wheat, and corn. 

7. The Atlantic Coast Plain is 
about one hundred miles wide, 
and its surface is nearly level. 

It contains most of the manufactories 
and the densest population in the 
Union. 

8. Rivers.—The Mississippi 
is the largest river in North 
America, and one of the largest 
in the world. It rises in Lake 
Itasca, in the northern part of the United 
States, and with its branches, the Missouri, 
Ohio, Arkansas, and Red rivers, drains the 
entire Mississippi Valley. 

9. The largest rivers in the Cordilleras are 
the Rio Grande, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, 
the Colorado, which empties into the Gulf of 
Califor.nia, and the Columbia, which rises in the 
Dominion of Canada. 


10. Lakes.—Only one of the five Great 
Lakes lies entirely within the United States; 
the other four lie partly in Canada. Water 
from these lakes flows to the Atlantic Ocean as 
the St. Lawrence River. 

Lake Superior is almost as large as the state of Indiana, 
and is the largest fresh-water lake in the world. 

11. Great Salt Lake lies in the Great Basin. 
It has no outlet to the sea, and its water is so 

salt and bitter that it can not be 
used for drinking. 

12. Climate.—The United 
States lies in the north temperate 
zone, but the country is so large 
that it possesses many kinds of 
climate. 

13. In the south the climate is 
moist, and so warm that snow 
rarely falls. 

14. In the north the climate is 
drier, and, although the summers 
are warm and pleasant, the winters 
are cold, and snow lies on the 
ground for many weeks. 

15. In some parts of the west¬ 
ern plateau scarcely any rain falls, 
and the climate is very hot in 
summer and very cold in winter. 

16. Along the coast in the 
north-west, the climate is moist 
and moderate. 

17. Vegetation.—The eastern 
part of the United States and the 
coasts in the north-west contain 
many large forests. 

Questions.— 1. Where is the United States ? What does 
it include ?— 2. What is said of its size ?—3. Of its surface ?— 
4. Describe the Cordilleras.—5. The Appalachians.—6. 
The Mississippi Valley.—7. The Atlantic coast plain.—8. 
What is said of the Mississippi River ?—9. What are the 
largest rivers in the Cordillera region ?—10. How many 
and which of the Great Lakes lie entirely in the United 
States ? What river forms the outlet to these lakes ?—n. 
Describe Great Salt Lake.—12. In what zone is the 
United States?—13. Describe the climate in the south.— 
14. In the north.—15. In some parts of the west.—16. 
Along the north-west coast?—17. Where are forests 
found ? 



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24 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


18. A large part of the Mississippi Valley- 
consists of treeless prairies, which have a very 
fertile soil. 

19. In the warm southern part of this valley, 
cotton, rice, sugar-cane, oranges, and lemons 
are cultivated; while, farther north, such plants 
as wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, hay, apples, and 
peaches are produced in great abundance. 

20. In some parts of the west, the climate is 
too dry for the most useful plants to grow. 

21. Animals.—At one time great herds of 
bisons, or buffaloes, roamed over the prairies of 
the Mississippi Valley, while the forests con¬ 
tained many bear, elk, moose, and deer; most 
of these larger wild animals have been killed, 
and few are now seen. 

22. Inhabitants.— 

More people live in the 
United States than in 
any other country in 
North America. Most 
of them belong to the 
white, or Caucasian, 
race, and live in the 
eastern half of the 
country. 

23. A part of the 
population belongs to 
the black, or Ethiopian, race, and lives mostly 
in the southern part of the Union. 

24. The red race, or Indians, who long ago 
roamed over the whole country, have been 
driven westward by the whites, and now live 
on lands set apart for them by the Government. 
These lands are called “Indian Reservations.” 

25. The yellow, or Mongolian, race, is repre¬ 
sented by the Chinese, who live chiefly near the 
Pacific coast, and by the Esquimos in Alaska. 

26. Occupations.—The United States sup¬ 
plies greater quantities of the products of agri¬ 
culture, manufacturing, and mining than any 
other country of the world. 

27. Agriculture is the leading occupation, es¬ 
pecially in the fertile Mississippi Valley. 


Agriculture includes not only the production of almost 
every kind of plant crop, but also the raising of horses 
and mules to draw our vehicles; cattle to supply beef, 
milk, butter, and cheese; sheep to supply wool and mut¬ 
ton ; and swine to supply pork. 

28. Manufacturing is specially active in the 
eastern and central parts. 

North of New York City, the principal manufactures 
are cotton and woolen cloth and such notions as buttons, 
pins, hooks, and eyes. South of New York, the principal 
manufactures are iron and steel, machinery, silk, etc. 

29. Mining is the leading occupation in much 
of the mountainous portion of the country. 

Petroleum, iron, coal, lead, and copper are obtained in 
the eastern part; while gold, silver, and mercury are the 
most valuable productions of the western part. 

30. The Commerce of the United States, in 
the productions of the 
farm, the mine, and the 
manufactory, is very ex¬ 
tensive. 

The farm products are so 
abundant that the people 
can not consume them all, 
and a portion is sent to for¬ 
eign countries in exchange 
for sugar, coffee, tea, spices, 
and various manufactures. 

Goods are carried to al- ' 
most any town in the Union | 
by means of railroads. The United States has more 
miles of railway than any other country in the world. 

31. Government.—The United States is a 
republic, composed of 45 states, the District of j 
Columbia, and 5 territories (including Alaska 
and the Indian Territory). 

32. Washington is the capital of the United 
States. The National Congress holds its session 
there each year. 

Congress is composed of 90. Senators and 357 Repre¬ 
sentatives. Each state sends two Senators. The number 
of Representatives from each state depends on the number 
of its inhabitants. Some states have only one: New York 
has thirty-four. Each state is a republic, and has its own 
Governor and a Legislature chosen by the people. 

The Supreme Court also sits at Washington. The 
Judges are appointed for life by the President. 



A Scene on the Upper Mississippi. 














UNITED STATES. 


25 



The Capitol at Washington. 


33. The President of the United States is 
chosen for four years by Electors, who are 
elected by the people in the various states. 
Each state has as many Electors as it has Sen¬ 
ators and Representatives. 

34. For convenience of study, the United 
States may be described in the following nine 
divisions : 

The New England States. 

The Middle States. 

The Southern States. 

The Central States. 

The Northern States. 

The South-western States and Territories. 

The North-western States. 

The Western States. 

Alaska. 

35. Alaska occupies the north-western part 
of America. Its surface is a plateau, traversed 
by a continuation of the Cascade and Rocky 
mountains. Mt. St. Elias, in this chain, is over i 


three miles high, and is one of the highest sum¬ 
mits in North America. 

36. The Yukon is the largest river of Alaska. 
The people are mostly Mongolian Esquimos. 
The hunting of seals and other fur-bearing ani¬ 
mals, fishing, and mining are their chief occupa¬ 
tions. . Sitka is the chief settlement. 

Questions.— 18. Of what does a large part of the 
Mississippi Valley consist?—19. What plants are culti¬ 
vated ?—20. Why is agriculture not successful in many parts 
of the west?—21. What is said of wild animals?—22. 
What is said of the population of the United States ? 
To what race do most of the people belong?—23. Where 
do most of the negroes live ?—24. What is said of the 
Indians?—25. Of Mongolians ?—26. In what respects 
does the United States surpass other nations ?—27. What 
is the most common occupation ?—28. Where is manu¬ 
facturing especially active ?—29. Where is mining a lead¬ 
ing occupation?—30. What is said of commerce?—31. 
What is the government of the United States? Of what 
is the Union composed?—32. What is the capital? What 
body meets there ?—33. How is the President chosen ?—34. 
Into what groups may the United States be divided?—35. 
Describe the position and surface of Alaska.—36. What 
is the largest river? To what race do the people belong ? 

, What are their occupations ? What is the chief settle¬ 
ment ? 




















7 2 Longitude West 7 1 from Greenwich 7° 


Quebec 


Mt.Katahdin 


Schoodic 

or 

\ ~ Grand Lake 


rttrttiagog 


liasti 


<jn><S 8 etocin(fguntic 


it.Albans 


Water vflle 


MONTPELIER 


AUGUSTA#, 


C° Barre 


Rockland, 


Auburn oo 


Rutland 


Biddefor 


CONCORD 


Portsmouth 


olveeite 


g Manchester 


BrattlebO; 

“ * ■■ " »•». - - 


ALBANY. 


LoWefT 0 ^ Glotjcestc 
Salem ceT» , ’~ 

Cambridge 0 YtLyi 
BOSTON^A * 


Wachusett Mt 


0 °Holyoke s 0 Worcester^ 

C I tr o Springfield! 


/> Brockton 
- ^ o 


vS? HARTFORD 

tN* - 


Co New Britain 
o Aorwiehc 
Meriden 

New Haven 


'aterburv 


Monomoy Pt. 


ticket 


ontauk Y 


Scale, 60 Miles to the Inch. 


S Longitude East 6 from Washington 7 


MATTHEWS, NORTMRUP dt 10. SC. , BUFFALO, N.Y 









































































































































































NEW ENGLAND STATES 


MAP QUESTIONS. 

Name the New England States.—What ocean bounds 
this division on the east and south ?—What country, on 
the north ?—What state, on the west ?—Which state is the 
farthest north ?—Which, farthest south ?—Name the three 
northern states.—The three southern.—Which state is the 
largest ?—Which, the smallest ?—What two states lie north 
of Massachusetts ?—What two, south ?—What part of this 
division is mountainous ?—What ranges of mountains in 
the western part ?—What is their direction ?—What mount¬ 
ains in Vermont?—In New Hampshire ?—What mountain 
in Maine ?—What river forms part of the eastern bound¬ 
ary of this division ?—Of the northern ?—What river 
forms the boundary between Vermont and New Hamp¬ 
shire ?—Name three rivers in Maine.—Two in Connecti¬ 
cut.—One river in New Hampshire.—What lake between 


Vermont and New York?—Name a lake in New Hamp¬ 
shire.—The largest lake in Maine.—What bay south of 
Maine ?—East of Massachusetts ?—South of Massachu¬ 
setts ?—What one extends into Rhode Island ?—What 
sound south of Connecticut ?—Name three capes on the 
coast of Massachusetts.—What island on the coast of 
Maine ?—What two islands belong to Massachusetts ?— 
What is the capital of Maine ?—On what river is it ?— 
Name a sea-port of Maine.—What city on the Penobscot 
River ?—What is the capital of New Hampshire ?—On 
what river is it situated ?—What two cities south of Con¬ 
cord ?—What is the capital of Vermont ?—What city on 
Lake Champlain ?—What city near Otter Creek ?—What 
is the capital of Massachusetts ?—What city in central 
Massachusetts ?—Two cities on the Connecticut River ?— 
What two capitals has Rhode Island ?—What is the capital 
of Connecticut ?—What cities on Long Island Sound ? 


DESCRI 

1. The New England States occupy the 
north-eastern part of the' .Union. The coast is 
rocky, and has many bays and harbors. 

2. The Appalachian system renders the 
western and northern parts mountainous. In 
Massachusetts the chief range is called the 
Hoosac Mountains; in Vermont, the Green 
Mountains,—so called because the slopes are 
covered with evergreen trees. 

3. In New Hampshire the system is called 
the White Mountains, because some of the sum¬ 
mits are covered with snow for much of the 
year. Mt. Washington is the highest peak. 
In Maine there are no long ranges, but many 
peaks, of which Mt. Katahdin is the highest. 

4. Rivers.—The largest rivers are the Con¬ 
necticut, the Kennebec, and the Penobscot, but 
these are not navigable far from their mouths. 

5. Lakes.—Many lakes are found in north¬ 
ern New England. Moosehead Lake, Lake 
Winnepesaukee, and Lake Champlain are the 
most noted. 

6. The winters are long and cold ; the sum¬ 
mers are short, but warm and pleasant. 


PTION. 

7. New England contains but one thirteenth 
of the people in the Union. The southern part 
is more densely settled than any other part of 
the United States. 



Commonwealth Avenue, Boston. 


8 . Manufacturing is the leading industry. 
New England leads the country in the manu¬ 
facture of cloth, paper, boots, and shoes. 

Questions. —1. Where are the New England States? 
Bound this division.—2. What mountain system enters 
this division? What is it called in Massachusetts? In 
Vermont ? Why ?—3. In New Hampshire ? Why ? What 
is the highest peak ? In Maine ?—4. Describe the three 
largest rivers.—5. Where are many lakes? Name the 
most noted.—6. What is said of the climate ?—7. Of the 
population ?—8. Of the leading industry ? 














28 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


9. The soil is not very fertile, except in the 
river bottoms, but considerable attention is 
given to agriculture, stock-raising, dairying, and 
wool-growing. 

Many people are employed in the cod and mackerel 
fisheries. Fine building-stone is quarried in all the states. 

10. Maine is called the “Pine Tree State” 


Boston, the capital, is the largest city and 
most important sea-port in New England. 
Worcester , Lowell , and Fall River are thriving 
manufacturing cities. Cambridge is the seat of 
Harvard College. Lynn manufactures shoes. 

14. Rhode Island is called “Little Rhody; ” 
it is the smallest state in the Union. Manu¬ 


on account of its extensive pine forests. The 
manufacture of cloth, leather, and lumber, and 
ship-building, are 
the chief industries. 

Portland is noted 
for its fine harbor. 

Lewiston and Bidde- 
ford manufacture 
cloth. Bangor is a 
large lumber mar¬ 
ket. Augusta is 
the capital. 

11. New Hamp¬ 
shire is called the 
“Granite State.” 

Granite is a kind 
of stone very abun¬ 
dant in the state. 

The beautiful scen¬ 
ery of the White 
Mountains attracts 
many tourists. 

Manchester and 
Nashua manufact¬ 
ure cloth. Concord is the capital. 

12. Vermont, the “Green Mountain State,” 
is hilly and mountainous. Much attention is 
paid to dairying and the raising of cattle and 
sheep. 

Burlington has a large trade in lumber and 
wool. Rutland is near extensive marble and 
slate quarries. Montpelier is the capital. 

13. Massachusetts is sometimes called the 
“ Bay State.” It manufactures more cotton and 
woolen cloth, and boots and shoes, than any 
other state in the Union. It contained some 


facturing and commerce are leading pursuits. 

This state has two capitals: Providence, a 

manufacturing city, 
and Newport, a fa¬ 
mous watering- 
place. 

15. Connecticut 

is noted for the 
variety of its man¬ 
ufactures. 

New Haven is the 
chief sea-port, and 
is the seat of Yale 
College. Hartford 
is the capital. 
Bridgeport is a man¬ 
ufacturing city. 

Questions.— 9. What 
other occupations re¬ 
ceive attention?—10. 
Bound Maine. Why is 
it called the Pine Tree 
State ? What are the 
principal industries ? 
Describe Portland. 
Lewiston. Biddeford. 
Bangor. What is the 
capital ? On what river is it situated ? 

11. Bound New Hampshire. Why is it called the 
“Granite State?’’ What is specially attractive in the 
state? For what are Manchester and Nashua noted? 
What is the capital ? On what river are all these towns ? 

12. Bound Vermont. Why is it called the Green Mount¬ 
ain State ? To what branches of industry is much atten¬ 
tion paid ? Describe Burlington. Rutland. What is the 
capital ? 

13. Bound Massachusetts. What articles are manu¬ 
factured ? What two islands to the south-east ? Describe 
the capital. Where is Worcester ? Lowell? Fall River? 
Lynn ? What college near Boston ? 

14. Bound Rhode Island. What is it called? Why? 
What are leading industries ? What large bay in the 
state? Name the two capitals. Where is Providence? 
Newport ? 



Mt. Washington. 


of the earliest settlements in the United 
States. 


15. Bound Connecticut. For what is it noted? De¬ 
scribe New Haven. What and where is the capital ? 
Where is Bridgeport ? 















MIDDLE STATES. 



Bird’s-Eye View of New York. 


Map Questions on page ji. 

DESCRIPTION. 


1. The Middle States lie south-west from 
New England. The eastern part is in the 
low and fertile coast-plain, the central part is 
traversed by several mountain ranges, and the 
western part consists of a broken plateau. 

2. The most important mountains are the 
Adirondack, the Catskill, and the Alleghany 
mountains and the Blue Ridge. 

3. There are many rivers in this division, of 
which the Hudson is the most important. In 
the northern part are numerous lakes and 
ponds. 

The Niagara River flows from Lake Erie to Lake 
Ontario. In its course it falls over a precipice 164 feet 
high, forming “Niagara Falls,” one of the grandest cat¬ 
aracts in the world. 

4. The climate is temperate, though warm 
in the extreme south, where tobacco is exten¬ 


sively cultivated; farther north, hay, wheat, 
hops, vegetables, and fruit are raised. 

5. The mineral wealth of this division is 
very great. Coal, iron ore, petroleum, and salt 
are found in great abundance. 

More petroleum is obtained from the oil wells in this 
division than from all the rest of the world. 

6. Manufacturing is the principal occupa¬ 
tion. A very great variety of articles is made, 
but those composed of iron or steel are most 
common. 

Questions. —1. Where are the Middle States? De¬ 
scribe the surface.—2. What are the most important 
mountains ?—3. What is the most important river in this 
division? Where are lakes and ponds numerous?—4. 
Describe the climate. What plant is extensively culti¬ 
vated in the south ? What plants are raised farther 
north?—5. What minerals are abundant?—6. What is 
the principal occupation ? What articles are most com¬ 
mon among the manufactures ? 

















Danbury 


o Goshen 


XEW "V0 K K, 1’ IILLA1) E LP10A 

j^D VTCrNTTY. jd 
Scale, 48 3Iilcs per Inch. 


?/lVest Point 
;o Peek skill 


>' e w li o n do u \ I 
in M vr 2 ftSS »1 


Wrstr# ,-V 

Picriutml 


11 ^fNonvalkv 
Lilrviukton 


Hamburgh 


Grccnpoj' 


.potumBia Paters 

a a> o 

lUJaekcU* Th 'V , 

< Mb tf oW 

d HorristOA™° Newark 

V %rang^«; | 

Jersey CitvJ 

) *^lizahetho<lj£«L 
r\iirtN»,. ri Rahway'/' "1 
Pe r ta^~nil)oyyr>y^ 

W -^tg^ 

Xe\\' Prunswick ^^s***^ 
licQ.i>aTik^ 
LongPrancl 
^JRENTON 
V morO-entown } 

U Squat* * 
, < Tillage^ 

ariingtou. ° 

jVrancliester ^ 


g T.Cv.p 1 
° Jamaica 


\ 'V^Ogilenstivu' 


Alleutt 


Y^Pj^ 


Jj.Sougog 

Wit 


-Pottstcnm T 
^ , o Lansdal 

\ k 

Phucnbcville 

'^^^’orristovm 

U-JzpfcUaj^ 

°W. Chester \ 


Toronti 


'Canada itow«« 


ti -*^ 53 '»<““ 


OneWai.. Home 


'ariiclen. 


"^Xockport 

o 

Niagara Fall 


UsTew Lisbon 


Rochester 


•acuse 


o Amsterdam 
Cohoes 

jlienectady t° °-p r0 , 
ALBANY 


report 


East from "WasTi'n 


AifbtyTVt 


Buffalo 


Otsego Zala 


Catskili 

Mts. 


%J^ iad * 


fa** 

.^ 3 pg ]^ mt01 


jEtmira 


itauqua 


J,amestown 


Kingston c 
PongJilteepHie 

2ftswtonrgh 


Toledo 


Scranton 


Cleveland 


Hliamsport 


YVilkesbarre 


^-Shenandoah. 


% Pottsville 


^JMJWUUO , NevNa rY J 

«= Allentown. I 'Now xr 
SBrn i lswtel 


A n ALtoma 


, r Johnstown C 
Pittsburg o ^ 
ollc Keesport jg 


Reading^ 

^>\ue Lebanon I xbrristow 
HARRISBURG ^ Lancaster! o 

_ K-. ° _ p h i I a d e I p h If ^ 

X Ichester o^- 


r£NTO ] 


COLUMBUS 


VS/dmiM; 


Marietta 


. - -Marti: 


'o Chillicotlie 


'arkensb 


annapoli£N 


Mason C 


VGeorgetow 


ASHING' 


Alexandria 


^charlJeston 


Staunton 


Frederickshur 


Charlottesville 


3Iai ichester 


toanoke ? 


Petersburg 


C.Charles 


.C. Henry 


tsrnoul 


Dismal 


.iJAU-vdl; 


0 \°w 

lastoi^^ 


8 o Longitude 79 "West from 78 Greenwich 77 


JJL 


le 1 --- -ffl 

ii 


\sfi* 1 


liver 

9 

>■ 

^.OTTAWA 

0 A' 1 


t ii 1 : 

3 in)I)Li: STATES 

Scale, S9 "Miles per Inch. 


0 

/ Or )t _ 


fi *n 

■ 

V) 

1 -1 


3 Longitude 2 West from 1 "Washington o Longitude 1 East from 2 Washington 3 


, n.y . 


tfATTHEWS, NORTHRUP 4c CO., SC., BUFFALO, 








































































































































































MIDDLE STATES 


MAP QUESTIONS. 

Name the Middle States.—What ocean on the east of 
this division ?—What three New England states on the 
east ?—What country on the north ?—What states on the 
west?—What two states south of New York?—What 
three states south of Pennsylvania?—What states south 
of Maryland ?—What state east of Maryland ?—What 
state west of Virginia?—What parts of this division are 
mountainous ?—What is the general direction of the 
mountain chains ?—What mountains in northern New 
York?—What ranges in Pennsylvania?—What ranges in 
Maryland and Virginia?—What lake forms part of the 
eastern boundary of New York ?—What two lakes north¬ 
west of New York?—What river connects them?—What 
river forms part of the northern boundary of New 
York?—What river in eastern New York?—What river 
•empties into the Hudson from the west ?—What river 
forms the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania ?—What 
river in central Pennsylvania ?—What two rivers in west¬ 
ern Pennsylvania?—What river forms the north-western 
boundary of West Virginia?—What river between Vir¬ 


ginia and Maryland?—What river flows through central 
Virginia?—What bay between New Jersey and Dela¬ 
ware?—What bay in Virginia and Maryland? 

What is the capital of New York ?—What city at the 
mouth of the Hudson River?—What city on Long Island, 
opposite New York?—What city on Lake Erie?—On the 
Genesee River?—Near Albany? 

What is the capital of Pennsylvania ?—What large city 
on the Delaware ?—What two cities in western Pennsyl¬ 
vania ?—What city on Lake Erie ?—On the Schuylkill ? 

What is the capital of New Jersey? What three cities 
in north-eastern New Jersey? 

What is the capital of Maryland ?—What other city on 
Chesapeake Bay ?—What two cities west of Baltimore ? 

What is the capital of Delaware ?—What city in the 
north ? 

What is the capital of Virginia ? What city near the 
mouth of James River ?—What two cities in the central 
part of the state ? 

What is the capital of West Virginia ?—What two cities 
on the Ohio River ? 

On what river is Washington ? In what district is it? 


7. New York is called the “Empire State” 
because it surpasses every other state in the 
Union in population, manufactures, and wealth. 

While the Hudson and Mohawk valleys are among the 
most densely populated por¬ 
tions of the Union, the 
Adirondack region contains 
very few inhabitants, and is 
•one of the wildest regions 
east of the Rocky Mount¬ 
ains. 

Boats may pass by the 
Erie Canal, between Buffalo 
and Troy, from Lake Erie 
to the Hudson River. 

New York is the larg¬ 
est city and the most 
important sea-port in 
America. It is the 
fourth city in the world in size, and contains more 
inhabitants than the whole state of New Jersey. 
Brooklyn is sometimes called the “City of 
Churches.” Buffalo has a large grain trade. 
Rochester is in a fine farming region. Albany 
is the capital. 

E. G.—5. 


8 . New Jersey produces great quantities 
of fruits and vegetables, and manufactures silk 
goods, trunks, and thread. Sea-bathing attracts 
many people to its coasts in summer. 

New Jersey is the garden 
which supplies the markets 
of New York and Phila¬ 
delphia with many of their 
vegetables. The apples and 
cider of New Jersey are 
famous. 

Newark is noted for 
its manufactures, and 
Jersey City for its com¬ 
merce. Paterson manu¬ 
factures silk and loco¬ 
motives. Trenton is 
the capital. 

Questions.—7. Bound New York. What is it called ? 
Why ? Name three lakes in the central part of the state. 
What two islands belong to the state ? Describe New 
York City. Brooklyn. Buffalo. Rochester. What and 
where is the capital ? 

8 . Bound New Jersey. Name its productions. Its 
manufactures. What attracts people to its coasts ? De¬ 
scribe Newark. Jersey City. Paterson. What and 
where is the capital ? 



Surf-bathing on the New Jersey Coast. 















32 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


9. Pennsylvania is called the “ Keystone 
State” because of its central position among 
the original thirteen states. It ranks as the first 
state in the Union in the manufacture of iron 
and steel, and in the value of its mineral pro¬ 
ductions. 

Pennsylvania was settled by the Quakers, under 
William Penn, the name meaning “Penn’s Woodland.” 
They bought the land 
from the Indians, with 
whom they lived on 
terms of friendship. 

Philadelphia is 
the third city of 
America in size and 
one of the first in 
manufactures. Pitts¬ 
burg and Allegheny 
manufacture iron 
and glass. Scranton 
and Reading have 
extensive coal 
mines. Harrisburg 
is the capital. 

10. Delaware is 
one of the smallest 
states of the Union. 

Market - gardening, 
fruit culture, and 
ship-building are im¬ 
portant industries. 

Wilmington is the 
largest city. Dover 
is the capital. 

11. Maryland.—Agriculture is the chief oc¬ 
cupation. Coal is mined in the west. The 
oyster fisheries are the most valuable in the 
Union. 

Baltimore is a large and wealthy commercial 
city. Cumberland is in the coal region. An¬ 
napolis is the capital. 

12. The District of Columbia is a small 
tract on the east bank of the Potomac River. 
Washington, the capital of the United States, 
is in this District. 


The building in which Congress meets is one of the 
finest in the world, and is called the Capitol. The Pres¬ 
ident’s mansion is known as the White House. 

13. Virginia is called the “Old Dominion.” 
Agriculture is the chief occupation,—wheat, 
corn, and tobacco being staple crops. The 
western part of the state is noted for its beau¬ 
tiful mountain scenery and healthful climate. 

Richmond is the 
capital. Norfolk has 
an excellent har¬ 
bor. Petersburg and 
Lynchbtirg are prin¬ 
cipal cities. 

14. West Vir¬ 
ginia is a hilly state. 
Agriculture and 
mining are the prin¬ 
cipal occupations. 

Wheeling is a 
manufacturing city. 
Huntington is an im¬ 
portant town. Park- 
ersburg has large 
coal-oil refineries. 
Charleston, the 
capital, is near val¬ 
uable salt-works. 

Questions.— 9 . Bound 
Pennsylvania. What is 
it called, and why ? 
How does it rank 
among the states of 
the Union ? Describe 
Philadelphia. Pitts¬ 
burg. Allegheny. 
Scranton. Reading. What and where is the capital ? 

10. Bound Delaware. What is said of its size ? Of 
the important industries ? What is the largest city ? 
What and where is the capital? 

11. Bound Maryland. Name three industries. De¬ 
scribe Baltimore. Cumberland. Locate the capital. 

12. What and where is the District of Columbia? 
What city does it contain ? 

13. Bound Virginia. What is it called? What is the 
chief occupation ? What are the staple crops ? For 
what is the western part of the state noted ? What and 
where is the capital ? Describe Norfolk. Where is 
Petersburg ? Lynchburg ? 

14. Bound West Virginia ? What is said of its surface ? 
Of the leading occupations? Describe Wheeling. Hunt¬ 
ington. Parkersburg. What and where is the capital? 



The Natural Bridge, Virginia. 

























SOUTHERN STATES. 

Map Questions on Page jg. 

DESCRIPTION. 



1. This division includes the states of the 
Union in which cotton is grown. 

2. Most of the surface is a continuous low 
plain, broken in the north-east by the Appa¬ 
lachian Mountains, and rising gradually west 
of the Mississippi River to the Great Plains. 

3. Several ranges cross from the Smoky 
Mountains to the Blue Ridge, forming inclosed 
valleys. One of these ranges contains the 
Black Dome, the high¬ 
est peak of the whole 
Appalachian system. 

4. Along the coast 
there are many large 
swamps, covered with 
trees, tangled vines, and 
tall canes. A kind of 
long, gray moss hangs 
from the trees. 

5. Much of the divi¬ 
sion west of the Missis¬ 
sippi River consists of 
fertile prairies. East 
of the Mississippi are 
immense forests,—pine 
in the lowlands, and oak 
and chestnut on the 
mountains. There are 
valuable cypress and live-oak forests near the 


7. The climate is warmer than that of any 
other division of the Union, and the soil is very 
fertile excepting in the extreme west. 

8. About one fifth of the people in the 
Union live in this division. There are very 
few foreigners among them. About one third 
of the inhabitants are negroes. 

9. Agriculture is the chief occupation, and 
cotton is by far the most valuable crop. Corn 

is also cultivated, and, 
in the south, rice, sugar¬ 
cane, and oranges are 
produced. Much at¬ 
tention is given to herd¬ 
ing in the west. 

10. North Carolina 
produces large quanti¬ 
ties of corn, tobacco, 
rice, cotton, lumber, 
and turpentine. It has 
extensive pine forests. 
The mountains in the 
west are covered with 
oak forests, and are rich 
in minerals. 

Wilmington is the larg¬ 
est city and shipping 
point. Raleigh is the 
capital. Charlotte is a thriving railroad center. 


Picking Cotton. 


coasts. 

6. The Mississippi, the Tennessee, the Cum¬ 
berland, the Arkansas, and the Red are the 
most important rivers. Many of the coast 
rivers, such as the Savannah, the Chattahoochee, 
the Brazos, and the Rio Grande, are navigable 
for short distances. 

t To prevent the overflow of the Mississippi, banks, called 
levees, are built along its margins. A break in these 
levees is called a crevasse, through which the water rushes 
and converts miles of low country into a shallow lake. 


Questions.— 1. What does this division include?— 2. 
What is most of the surface? How is it broken in the 
north-east? To what does it rise in the west?—3. De¬ 
scribe the formation of the Appalachian Mountains in this 
division. What is the highest peak ?—4. What is said of 
the coast region ?—5. What is the vegetation west of the 
Mississippi? East?—6. Name the principal rivers.—7. 
Describe the climate. The soil.—8. What is said of the 
people ?—9. What is the chief occupation ? The most 
important crop ? What else is raised ? What is an im¬ 
portant industry in the west? 

10.Bound North Carolina. What are its products? Why? 
What is said of the western part? Where is Wilmington ? 
What and where is the capital? Describe Charlotte. 

(33) 













-rj 








9 9 V D cn 7i) 


• f 9 rt If *t£ 


95 >^ 000 ^ 1)1 


i v f r 


j\\w\v\ 


^icX'aso" 


MATTHEWS, NORTHRUP 






































































































































































































SOUTHERN STATES. 


35 




A Turpentine Camp. 

11. South Carolina 

is called the “Pal¬ 
metto State.” The 
fine “sea-island” cot¬ 
ton grows on the islands near the coast. Rice 
is cultivated in the lowlands. 

Charlestoji is a fine city and important sea¬ 
port. Columbia is the capital. 

12. Georgia is sometimes called the “Em¬ 
pire State of the South.” Iron ore, coal, and 
some gold are mined in the north. Much atten¬ 
tion is given to manufacturing. 

Atlanta, the capital and largest 
city, is a busy railroad center. 

Savannah is the largest sea-port. 

Augusta has a fine water-power. 

13. Florida is low and swampy. 

The southern coast is lined with 
coral islands called keys. Large 
quantities of oranges and early 
vegetables are raised. 


A Florida Swamp. 


Key West, on an island in the south, is the 
largest city. Jacksonville is a winter resort. 
Tallahassee is the capital. St. Augustine is one 
of the oldest cities in the Union. 

14. Tennessee is mountainous in the east 
and center, and level in the west. Besides the 
cultivation of cotton, hemp, and grain, mules, 
horses, and sheep are raised, and coal and cop¬ 
per are mined. 

Nashville is the capital. Memphis, Chatta¬ 
nooga, and Knoxville are thriving cities. 

Questions. —11. Bound South Carolina. What is it 
called? What crops are produced, and where ? Where 
is Charleston ? What and where is the capital ? 

12. Bound Georgia. What is it called ? What miner¬ 
als are found ? Where ? What industry receives con¬ 
siderable attention ? Describe and locate the capital. 
Savannah. Augusta. 

13. Bound Florida. Describe its surface. What crops 
are raised? Describe Key West. Jacksonville. St. Au¬ 
gustine. What and where is the capital? 

14. Bound Tennessee. What of its surface? What 
are the occupations ? What and where is the capital ? 

| Locate Memphis. Chattanooga. Knoxville. 


in 

O 

+—< 

H 
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SOUTHERN STATES. 


37 


15. Alabama is hilly in the north, and level 
in the south. Cotton is the principal product. 
Coal and iron ore are mined in the north. 

Mobile is a cotton port. Birmingham is in the 
iron region. Montgomery is the capital. An¬ 
niston and Selma are growing cities. 

16. Mississippi consists entirely of fertile 
lowlands. It is a lead¬ 
ing state in the produc¬ 
tion of cotton. 

Vicksburg and Merid¬ 
ian are flourishing cities. 

Jackson is the capital. 

17. Louisiana em¬ 
braces the delta of the 
Mississippi, and contains 
many lakes and swamps. 

The chief products are cotton and sugar-cane. 

New Orleans is the largest city in the South, 
and exports sugar and cotton. Shreveport is an 
important city. Baton Rouge is the capital. 

18. Texas is the largest state of the Union. 
The eastern part is a fertile prairie, adapted to 
cotton, corn, and wheat. On the dry table¬ 
lands in the west, cattle and sheep are raised. 

Dallas is the largest city, and San Antonio is 
the second in population. Galveston and Hous¬ 
ton are trade-centers. Austin is the capital. 

19. Arkansas has low and marshy lands 
along the Mississippi, covered with forests. 


The Ozark Mountains cross the north-western 
part of the state. 

Little Rock, the capital, and Ft. Smith are the 
largest cities. Hot Springs is a noted water cure. 

20. The Indian Territory has been set apart 
by the United States for the Indians. A portion 
of this, however, — the Oklahoma district,—was 

opened to the public for 
settlement in 1889. 

21. Oklahoma Terri¬ 
tory was formed in 1890 
from the western part 
of Indian Territory. 
Stock-raising and farm¬ 
ing are the chief pursuits. 
Guthrie is the capital 

Questions.—15. Bound Alabama. Describe the sur¬ 
face. What are the products ? Describe Mobile. Bir¬ 
mingham. Locate the capital. Anniston. Selma. 

16. Bound Mississippi. Describe the surface. What is 
the most important crop ? Locate Vicksburg. Meridian. 
What and where is the capital? 

17. Bound Louisiana. Describe the surface. What 
are the products? Describe New Orleans. Shreveport 
What and where is the capital? 

18. Bound Texas. Describe the surface. What crops 
are raised? What industry is pursued in the west? 
Describe Dallas. San Antonio. Galveston. Houston. 
What and where is the capital ? 

19. Bound Arkansas. Describe the surface. What 
and where is the capital? Where is Ft. Smith? Hot 
Springs ? 

20. Bound Indian Territory. What part has been 
opened to the public? 

21. Bound Oklahoma. What are the chief pursuits? 
Locate the capital. 



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CENTRAL STATES. 

DESCRIPTION. 


1. The eight Central States are west of 
the Middle States, and lie almost wholly in the 
Mississippi Valley. They occupy about one 
eighth of the area of the United States, and 
contain almost one third of the population. 

The Central States contain more people than any 
other division of the United States. 

2. Much of the surface is an apparently 
level plain, rising gradually from the Mississippi 
River to the Great Plains on the west, and to 
the Appalachian Plateau on the east. The 
Cumberland Mountains in the south-east, and 
the low Ozarks in Missouri are the only mount¬ 
ain ranges. 

West of the Mississippi the sur¬ 
face rises so gradually that it looks 
like a level plain, though really the 
Great Plains are higher above the 
sea-level than the tops of the Cum¬ 
berland Mountains. 

3. The Mississippi River 
flows through the middle of 
the division, and separates it 
into two sections. This river 
and its tributaries—the Ohio 
and the Missouri—are navi¬ 


gable by steam-boats between the cities and 
towns situated along their banks. The Ohio 
River is extensively used in transporting coal 
from the mines near its sources to the cities in 
its valley. Many of the tributaries to these 
rivers are also navigable during high water. 

The principal of these tributaries are the Tennessee, 
Cumberland, and Kentucky in Kentucky, the Scioto and 
Muskingum in Ohio, the Wabash in Indiana, the Illinois in 
Illinois, the Platte in Nebraska, and the Osage in Missouri. 

Questions. —1. Where are the Central States? In 
what valley do they lie ?—2. Describe the surface. What 
and where are the mountain ranges ?—3. Name three 
large rivers in this division. 



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CENTRAL STATES. 


4i 



A Corn-field. 


4. Two of the Great Lakes touch this divi¬ 
sion. By means of these and the Erie Canal 
or the St. Lawrence River, the produce of this 
region can be easily and cheaply carried to the 
Atlantic sea-ports. There are many small lakes 
and ponds in the northern part. 

5. The climate is moderate, but 
sudden changes of temperature are com¬ 
mon. There is more rain in the east 
than in the west. 

6. The three eastern states contain 
many forests, but most of the division 
is a prairie having a deep and fertile soil. 

7. Agriculture is the principal occu¬ 
pation. More corn, wheat, and tobacco 
are produced in this division than in all 
the rest of the Union. Much attention 
is given to the raising of cattle, horses, 


sheep, and swine. This is the great food-pro¬ 
ducing region of the Union, and supplies pro¬ 
visions and meats not only to the United States, 
but to many foreign countries. 

8. Coal is mined in every state of the divi¬ 
sion. Iron ore is abundant in Missouri, Ohio, 
and Kentucky. Lead is found in Illinois, 
Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri. 

9. This division contains about one third of 
the length of railroads in the country: these, 
with the Great Lakes and navigable rivers, 
afford an easy means of transporting the prod¬ 
ucts of the region from one place to another. 

Questions.—4. What is said of the lakes ?— 5. Describe 
the climate.—6. Describe the vegetation of the Central 
States.—7. What is the principal occupation ? What 
crops are abundantly raised ? To what other industry 
is much attention given ?—8. What minerals are found ?— 
9. What is said of railroads and commerce ? 



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42 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 




Reaping Wheat. 


io. Ohio is called the “Buckeye State.” 
The surface is generally rolling or hilly. It is 
the fourth state in the Union in population and 
third in the amount of coal mined. In the north, 
grazing and dairying are important industries. 
The “bottom” lands in the south are very 
fertile. Ohio owns several islands in Lake Erie 
which are famous for their extensive vine¬ 
yards and fine grapes. The manufacture 
of agricultural implements and of iron 
are very important. 

Cincinnati is a large manufact¬ 
uring city. Cleveland is a 

great lake port. Colum¬ 
bus is the capital. Tole¬ 
do is an extensive grain 
market. Dayton and Yoitngs- 
toivti are manufacturing cities.- 
n. Indiana is sometimes 
called the “ Hoosier ” state. 

Though the smallest of the Central 
States, Indiana is more than four times 
the size of Massachusetts. The eastern 
part of the state is hilly, but the western 
part is a level prairie. The river valleys Making 
are wide and especially fertile. 

Indianapolis, the capital, is one of the 
largest cities in the United States not near nav¬ 
igable water. Evansville is a busy manufactur¬ 
ing city. Fort Wayne , Terre Haute , and South 
Bend are commercial cities. 



12. Illinois is called the “Prairie State” 
because almost the entire surface consists of 
prairies. There is very little land in the state 
which can not be cultivated. Illinois is among 
the first states in the Union in the production 
of corn and wheat, and ranks third in pop¬ 
ulation and in the value of its manufactures. 
A large amount of coal is mined, and com¬ 
merce is very active. 

Chicago , the “ Garden City,” is second 
in the Union in size, and is the 
greatest grain market in the 
world. Peoria and Quincy are 
important places. Spring- 
field is the capital. 

Bloomington has noted 
nurseries. 


Questions.— io. Bound Ohio. 
What is it called ? Describe the 
surface. In what respects does Ohio 
rank third ? What are important in¬ 
dustries in the north ? What lands are 
very fertile? What is said of islands? Of 
manufacturing ? Describe Cincinnati. Cleve¬ 
land. What and where is the capital ? Locate 
Toledo. Dayton. Youngstown. 

ii. Bound Indiana. What is it called ? What 
is said of its size ? Of its surface ? Of the 
river valleys ? Describe the capital. Evans¬ 
ville. Locate Fort Wayne. Terre Haute. South 


Pig Iron. 


Bend. 


12. Bound Illinois. What is it called ? Why? What 
is said of the cultivable land of the state? In what 
respects does Illinois rank among the first states ? In 
what respects, fourth ? What is said of coal and com¬ 
merce ? Describe Chicago. Locate Peoria. Quincy. 
What and where is the capital? Locate Bloomington! 


















CENTRAL STATES. 


43 


13. Kentucky is known as the “Blue Grass 
State,” from the name of a very fine grass 
which covers much of the northern part. Ken¬ 
tucky is noted for its fine horses and cattle. 
It produces more tobacco and hemp than any 
other state in the Union. 

Louisville, at the falls of the Ohio, is a fine 
city and the largest tobacco market in the 
world. Covington and Newport, at the mouth 
of the Licking, have some manufactories. Lex¬ 
ington is in the beautiful blue grass region. 
Frankfort is the capital. 


center. St. Joseph, Springfield, and Sedalia are 
important places. Jefferson City is the capital. 

16. Kansas is called “the Garden of the 
West” on account of the fertility of its ex¬ 
tensive prairies. It is the largest of the Cen¬ 
tral States, and would make two states as large 
as Ohio. Stock-raising is a leading industry in 
the western part, where the climate is too dry 
for farming. For this reason the eastern part 
of the state is more densely settled than the 
western part. Coal and lead are mined in the 
east, and salt springs and marshes are abundant 



14. Iowa is, in general, a level prairie state. 
The roughest portion is 
in the north-east, where 
there are some high 
bluffs along the streams. 

Belts of timber occur 
near many of the rivers. 

Coal is found in the 
south, and lead in the 
north-east. 

Prairie chickens—a bird 
of the grouse family—are 
especially abundant in Iowa 
and are killed in great 
numbers. 

Des Moines is the 
capital. Sioux City, in the north-west, is an im¬ 
portant distributing point. Dubuque is in the 
lead-mining district. Davenport and Burlington 
are important cities. 


in the center and south-west. 

Kansas City, Wichita, 
and Leavenworth are 
thriving cities. Tope¬ 
ka, the capital, is grow¬ 
ing rapidly. Lawrence 
is the seat of the State 
University. 

17. Nebraska con¬ 
sists mostly of a gently 
undulating prairie. In 
shooting Praine chickens. the north-west the sur¬ 

face is more broken, and rises to the Black Hills 
in South Dakota. In the eastern half of the state, 
the soil is very deep and fertile. In the western 
half the climate is too dry for farming, and 
stock-raising is the leading occupation. 

Omaha is a thriving commercial city. Lin¬ 
coln is the capital. 


15. Missouri consists of high prairies north 
of the Missouri River; south of that river, the 
surface rises to the broad summits of the 
Ozarks, which are high hills rather than mount¬ 
ains. In the eastern part of these mountains, 
about Pilot Knob, iron ore is found in great 
abundance; in the west, lead is mined. 

In the south-east—in the region about Big Lake—are 
many swamps caused by the sinking of the ground dur¬ 
ing an earthquake in 1812. 

St. Louis is the fifth-city of the Union in 
size, and has a very large commerce by railway 
and by river. Kansas City is a great railway 


13. Bound Kentucky. What is it called ? Why? For 
what is Kentucky noted? What crops are very large? 
Describe Louisville. Covington. Newport. Lexington. 
What and where is the capital? 

14. Bound Iowa. Describe its surface. Where is tim¬ 
ber found? Coal? Lead? Locate the capital. Sioux 
City. Dubuque. Davenport. Burlington. Keokuk. 

15. Bound Missouri. Describe its surface. Where is 
iron ore abundant? Lead? Describe St. Louis. Kansas 
Citv. Locate St. Joseph. Springfield. Sedalia. What 
and where is the capital ? 

16. Bound Kansas. What is it called ? Why? Where 
is stock-raising pursued? Why? Which part of the 
state is most densely settled ? Why ? What minerals are 
found ? Describe Kansas City. Wichita. Leavenworth. 
What and where is the capital ? Locate Lawrence. 

17. Bound Nebraska. Describe its surface, soil, and 
climate. What is a leading occupation ? Describe 
Omaha. What and where is the capital ? 













ioo Longitude 98 AVest from 96 Greenwich 94 


Cypren a 

V Z-afte 


Hunter 


rrafton o 


Devils 

Grand Porks 


oCrookston 


A-fc\of 

'L w'}nnib'igoihish 


cch 

w\_J.La kf 


I.Itasca 


&> Duluthj 3 


Jamestowno 


BISMARCK & 


Fargo°° 


IfilZe 

.Zacs 


Palls 


v Walipetono 


Aberdeen o 


St.Cloud 


0 o Stillws 
°~-#ST .PAUL 


^ Minneapolis 


Watertovv 


,ed->Ving 

\jjake Pepin 


oL/eadwood 

Jwad 

Blac o kD 


% St.Tet 
Hew Ulmo^ T 
Mankato o 


0 Tarlbault 

Owatonna 

o o 
Ttoeliester 
Austin 


PIERRE 


Huron 


inona 


‘LaCrosse 


Sioux Falls 


AOKTinnn' STATES 

WESTERN SECTION. 

Scale, 114 Miles to the Inch. 


23 Longitude AVest 21 -from Washington 19 


MATTHEWS. NORTHRUP A CO.. SC. 


RJSSELl MINMAN. DEL. 


NORTHERN STATES. 


MAP QUESTIONS. 

What states form the eastern section ?—What lake to 
the north ?—What three lakes and what country to the 
east ?—What lake extends entirely through the section ?— 
What strait connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron ?— 
What bay extends into Michigan from Lake Huron ?— 
From Lake Michigan?—From Lake Superior?—Name 
two rivers in southern Michigan that flow to Lake Michi¬ 
gan.—What river forms the south-western boundary of 
Wisconsin ?—Name three of its tributaries in that state.— 
What tributary forms part of the western boundary ?— 
What large bay in the north-eastern part of Wisconsin ?— 
What large lake in the eastern part?—What river con¬ 
nects it with Green Bay ?—What is the capital of Mich¬ 
igan ?—What city south-west of Lake St. Clair ?—What 
two cities near the head of Saginaw Bay ?—What city on 
Grand River ?—What city south of Lansing ?—What is 
the capital of Wisconsin ?—What two cities on Lake 
( 44 ) 


Michigan ?—What two cities in the west ?—What city on 
Lake Winnebago? 

What states compose the western section ?—What 
country north of this section?—What state and what lake 
east ?—What states south ?—What state west ?—What 
lake in the northern boundary?—What lake is the source 
of the Mississippi river?—What two rivers form part of 
the eastern boundary of Minnesota?—Name a western 
tributary to the Mississippi—What river forms part of 
the western boundary ?—Name three lakes in Minne¬ 
sota.—What mountains in the western pait of South 
Dakota?—What river flows through the Dakotas?—Name 
three of its western tributaries.—A northern tributary.— 
A tributary to the Red River of the North.—What is the 
capital of Minnesota ?—What city west of St. Paul ?— 
What city on Lake Superior ?—What city in the south¬ 
east ?—What is the capital of North Dakota ?—What city 
in the east?—What is the capital of South Dakota?— 
Locate three other cities. 




















































































£8 Longitude West 86 from Greenwich 84 


Crooked Lai 


TITE i 

dYOIiTIIElIN STATES 

EASTERN SECTION. 

Scale, 95 Miles to the Inch. 


Boy ale 


'Island. 


d Caribou. I> 


Ashland/ 

-Long Lqkep 


Gogebic y, 
t Laic 


Saulf'Ste. Afun 


j.. Eseanaba 


letour 


O'Washingl 
■ TslauOx. 


v Henomir# 
\ Marim tt? 


CUippewa 
Pfalls fy 


ausau 


oStevens Point 


Apjiletou^p : 

5 .ob&hk, 

yH> W/"™’ 

Pond du Lac 


i^Viuopa. 


Manistee 


La Crosse 


ngton 


West Bay Citj > 

SaginawP 

.uskegon wy 

T 

/ ^(lran'} Jt. Owosso ° . 

and Rapids 

■2* LANSING 


Wntertowri 

m — Of 

Milwaukee 


MADISON 


Flint 


Port Huron 


Pontiac 


Dubuque 


Detroit 


alaiViazopoBattle Cr. 

Jacksoif 


•RockforcL' 

DlgiiV 


Windsor o 


Clinton. 


Longitude West 9 from Washington 


BUSSELL HINMAN, DEL. 


MATTHEWS, NQRTHflUP & CO.., SC.. BUFFALO, N.Y 


DESCRIPTION. 


1. The Northern States lie north of the 
Central States. Although this division contains 
the water-shed between the Gulf of Mexico and 
Hudson Bay, most of the surface is an appar¬ 
ently level plain; the Black Hills in the ex¬ 
treme west, and some low ridges near Lake 
Superior, are the only mountains. 

2. The rivers of the eastern part belong to 
the St. Lawrence system. The Mississippi and 
its tributaries drain the central and western 
parts. A portion of the northern part is 
drained by the Red River of the North. 

3. Three of the Great Lakes border this 


division, and one—Lake Michigan—lies almost 
entirely within it; besides which, thousands of 
small lakes lie along the main water-shed. 

4. Extensive pine forests cover the north¬ 
ern parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minne¬ 
sota ; but most of the division is composed of 
fertile prairies, the only timber being along the 
river banks. 

Questions. —1. Where is this division? Bound it. 
Describe its surface.—2. To what river system do the 
streams in the eastern part belong r In the western and 
central parts? In the northern part?—3. Which of the 
Great Lakes border this division ? Which one lies within 
it ? Where are small lakes found ?—4. Where are forests 
found ? What is the rest of the division ? 

( 45 ) 





























































































46 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 




Lumbering in Michigan. 

5. The climate is very 
cold in winter, but warm 
and pleasant in summer. 
In the eastern part the 
climate is moister and 
more moderate than it is in the western part. 

6. Agriculture is the chief occupation. 
Great quantities of grain, especially wheat, are 
produced. In the north-east, lumbering and 
mining are leading industries. Catching white 
fish, lake trout, etc., is an important industry 
about the Great Lakes. 

7. Michigan, the “Lake State,” consists of 


Milwaukee is a great grain market. La 
Crosse, Oshkosh, and Racine have a large 
lumber trade. Madison is the capital. 

9. Minnesota, the “North Star 
State,” extends farther north than any 
other state in the Union. Farming is 
carried on principally in the southern 
and western parts. Lumbering is an 
important industry in the north. 

Minneapolis has flour and lumber mills. 
St. Paul is the capital. Duluth and 
Winona trade in grain and lumber. 
io. North Dakota and South Dakota 
became states in 1889. Farming and 
stock-raising are the chief occupations. Gold is 
found in the Black Hills. Sioux Falls, Yankton, 
and Dcadwood are the chief cities, and Pierre is 
the capital of South Dakota. Fargo is the chief 
city and Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota. 


two parts, which are separated by Lake Mich¬ 
igan and the Strait of Mackinac. The northern 
part is called the Upper Peninsula; the south¬ 
ern, the Lower Peninsula. The copper mines of 
the Upper Peninsula are the richest in the world. 
Michigan supplies mdre iron ore and white pine 
lumber than any other state. 

Detroit is a beautiful commercial city. Grand 
Rapids manufactures furniture. Saginaw and 
Bay City have many saw mills. Lansing is the 
capital. 

8. Wisconsin is called the “Badger State.” 
Lead is mined in the south-west. Lumbering 
is the leading industry in the north. A canal 
at Portage unites the Mississippi and St. Law¬ 
rence systems. 


Deer-hunting in Minnesota. 

Questions. —5. Describe the climate of the Northern. 
States.—6. What is the chief occupation ? The chief 
crop ? What are leading industries in the north-east ? 
What is an important industry about the Great Lakes ? 

7. Bound Michigan. What is it called ? Why ? How 
is the state divided ? What is said of its copper mines ? 
Other minerals ?—Of its white pine lumber ? Describe 
Detroit. Grand Rapids. Saginaw. Bay City. What 
and where is the capital ? 

8. Bound Wisconsin. What is it called ? Where is 
lead mined? What is a leading industry in the north? 
What does the canal at Portage connect ? Describe Mil¬ 
waukee. Locate La Crosse. Oshkosh. Racine. What 
and where is the capital? 

9. Bound Minnesota. What is it called ? What is said 
of its position ? Where is farming carried on ? Where, 
lumbering? Describe Minneapolis. What and where is 
the capital ? Locate Duluth. Winona. 

10. Bound each of the Dakotas. When did they be¬ 
come states ? What are the chief occupations ? Where is 
gold found? Locate Sioux Falls. Yankton. Deadwood. 
The capital of South Dakota.—Of North Dakota.—Fargo. 





















THE SOUTH-WESTERN STATES 

AND 

TERRITORIES. 



Silver-mining in Colorado. 




DESCRIPTI ON. 


Map Questions on page 48. 



i. The South-western States and Terri¬ 
tories lie mostly in the Cordilleras, at an eleva¬ 
tion of almost a mile above the sea. 

2. The Rocky Mountains are 
the highest range in the United 
States. They inclose several 
high and level valleys, called 
“Parks.” In the south¬ 
west, the surface of this 
division descends almost to 
the level of the sea. 

3. Rivers.—The Colo 
rado, the Rio Grande, 
and the Arkansas are 
the three largest rivers. 

Their sources are close 
together in the Rocky 
Mountains. 

For several hundred 
miles the Colorado flows 
through a canon, or narrow 
gorge, in some places more 
than a mile deep. 

4. Great Salt Lake is quite shallow, and 
is so salt that fish can not live in it. 


5. The climate is noted for its dryness. 
The parks and valleys have a fertile soil, but 
farming is carried on only where water 
can be obtained by ditches leading 
from the streams. 

6. Silver and gold are mined 
in great quantities. Copper 
and coal are also found. 

7. This division is sparsely 
settled. It contains but a 
few more people than the 
city of Brooklyn. 

8. Mining, in the 
mountainous regions, 
and cattle-raising, on the 
plains and plateaus, are 
the leading industries. 

Questions. — 1 . Where 
is this division ?—2. What 
is said of the Rocky Mount¬ 
ains ? Of the surface in the 
south-west ? — 3. Describe 
the Colorado River. The Rio 
Grande. The Arkansas.— 
4. Describe Great Salt Lake. 

_5. What is said of the climate? Of farming ?—6. What 

minerals are found ?—7. What is said of the population ? 
—8. What are leading industries? 


An Indian “Pueblo” in New Mexico. 


( 47 ) 













MAP QUESTIONS. 

What subdivisions compose this division ?—What sub¬ 
divisions of the United States bound it on the north?— 
On the east ?—On the west ?—What state and what coun¬ 
try on the south ?—What mountains extend through the 
eastern part ?—The north-western part ?—What plateau 
in the central part ?—What plain in the south-eastern 
part?—What desert in the north-western part?—What 
lake east of this desert ?—What river flows through 
Utah ?—What two rivers unite in Utah to form the Colo¬ 
rado ?—Name two tributaries to Green River.—Name a 
tributary to the Colorado which flows through the north¬ 
western part of New Mexico.—What river forms part of 
the western boundary of Arizona ?—Name two tributaries 
( 48 ) 


to the Colorado in Arizona.—What river flows through 
New Mexico?—In what direction does the Rio Grande 
flow ?—What river in eastern New Mexico flows south ?— 
What one flows east ?—What two rivers in eastern Colo¬ 
rado ?—What two mountain chains in the north ?—In the 
south?—Name two mountain peaks in Colorado.—Four 
parks.—What is the capital of Colorado ?—What city west 
of Denver near the head of the Arkansas River?—What 
two cities south of Denver ?—What is the capital of Utah ? 
—What city east of Great Salt Lake ?—What is the capi¬ 
tal of Arizona? — What city in the southern part of the 
territory ?—What is the capital of New Mexico ?—What 
city nearly east of Santa Fe? — What one on the Rio 
Grande? 












































































































SOUTH-WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


49 



9. Colorado is 
the highest state in 
the Union, and is 
noted for its health¬ 
ful climate and its 
rich silver mines. 

Denver is the 
capital. Pueblo , 

Leadville , and Colo¬ 
rado Springs are rap¬ 
idly growing cities. 

The last is a noted 
health resort. 

10. Utah became 
a state in 1896. 

The settlements are 
mainly west of the 
Wasatch Moun¬ 
tains. Farming and 
mining are leading 
industries. Salt 
Lake City is the 
capital. Ogden is a 
thriving city. 

11. Territory of 

NewMexico.-Min- A c 

ing and the raising 

of sheep and cattle are the principal occupations. 
Many of the people are of Spanish descent. 

Albuquerque is a growing town. 

Santa Fe, the capital, is one of the oldest 
cities in the Union. 


12. ArizonaTer- 
ritory. - Sheep-rais¬ 
ing and the mining 
of silver and copper 
are the principal 
occupations. The 
climate of the south¬ 
ern part is very hot. 

Tucson is the larg¬ 
est city. Phoenix 
is the capital. 


Questions .—9. 
Bound Colorado. What 
is said of its height ? 
For what is it noted ? 
What and where is the 
capital ? Locate Pueblo. 
Leadville. Colorado 
Springs. 

10. Bound Utah. 
Where are the settle¬ 
ments? What are the 
leading industries? 
What and where is the 
capital ? Locate Ogden. 

11. Bound New Mex¬ 
ico. Is it a state or a 
territory ? What are 

non. J _ 

the occupations ? Of 
what descent are many 
of the people? Locate Albuquerque. What and where 
is the capital ? 

12. Bound Arizona Territory. What are the principal 
occupations ? What is said of the climate ? Locate Tuc¬ 
son. What and where is the capital? 


THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Map Questions on page 51. 


I. Position and Surface.—This division lies 
west of the Northern States. Two chains of 
lofty mountains pass through it. The western 
chain is called the Cascade Mountains; the 
eastern chain, the Rocky Mountains. 


2. The country between these two chains is 
an elevated table-land, on which are several 
mountain ranges. 

3. The climate is mild and pleasant near 
the Pacific Ocean, and the rain-fall is abundant; 
















ii7 Longitude i*5 "West from n? Gre enwich m 





^ fountains 


U9pcno £ 


Gt.4o7 er / ca oO e 


,0-d Xi'ver 


< I CIar * 


f *UtVZliJL. 


MATTHEWS, NOSTHRuP 4 CO., SC., BUFFALO, N.Y. 











































































































THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 


5i 



Yellowstone Lake. 

but it is dry and subject to great extremes of 
heat and cold in the interior. 

4. Rivers.—The Columbia and the Mis¬ 
souri are the most important rivers in this divi¬ 
sion. They are navigable for several hundred 
miles. 

5. Magnificent forests of red and yellow fir 
occur near the Pacific Ocean -and on the slopes 
of the mountains. Useful plants do not thrive 
on the table-lands, on account of the dryness of 
the climate. 

6. Gold, silver, copper, and coal are found 
in this region. Fur-bearing animals are abun¬ 
dant in the forests and along the streams. 

7. This is the most sparsely settled part of 
the Union. Mining and cattle-raising are the 
principal occupations. 


8. Oregon.—The fertile valley between the 
Coast Range and the Cascade Mountains is the 
most densely settled part of the state. Agri¬ 
culture and lumbering are the leading indus¬ 
tries. There are valuable salmon fisheries on 
the Columbia River. 

Portland ,the largest city, and Salem, the cap¬ 
ital, are on the Willamette River. 



Questions.— 1. Where is this division? What chains 
of mountains pass through it ?—2. What is said of the 
country between these chains ?—3. What is said of the 
climate ?—4. What are the largest rivers in the divi¬ 
sion ?—5. Where are the forests ? Why do not plants 
thrive in the interior?—6. What 
minerals are found? What is said 
of fur-bearing animals ?—7. What 
of the leading occupations? 

8. Bound Oregon. Where is it 
most densely settled ? What are 
leading industries ? The fisheries ? 

Locate Portland, and the capital. 


A Herd of Buffaloes. 


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WESTERN STATES. 


53 


9. Washington became a state in 1889. 
Large quantities of fir lumber, fish, and wheat 
are exported. Coal is mined near Puget Sound. 

Seattle , Tacoma , and Spokane are the largest 
cities. Olympia is the capital. 

10. Idaho became a state in 1890. Mining 
and stock-raising are the leading industries. 

Boise is the capital. 

11. Montana became a state in 1889. Silver, 
gold, and copper are extensively mined. Many 
of the valleys have a fertile soil. 

Helena is the capital and largest city. 

12. Wyoming became a state in 1890. Graz¬ 


ing is the chief occupation. Much coal is mined 
in the southern part. The “Yellowstone Na¬ 
tional Park” is noted for its geysers. 

Cheyenne is the capital. Laramie and Raw¬ 
lins are growing cities. 

Questions. —9. Bound the state ofWashington. What 
is exported? What mineral is found? Name and 
locate the three largest cities. What and where is the 
capital? 

10. Bound the state of Idaho. What are the leading 
industries ? What and where is the capital ? 

11. Bound the state of Montana. What metals are 
mined ? What and where is the capital ? 

12. Bound the state of Wyoming. What are the chief 
occupations ? What is said of the National Park? What 
is the capital ? Locate Laramie. Rawlins. 


WESTERN STATES. 



What states on the north of this division ?—What state 
and territory on the east?—What country on the south?— 
What ocean on the west ?—What mountains along the | 
Pacific coast?—Between California and Nevada?—What 
mountain peak in northern California ?—What two rivers 
in central California ?—What river between California 
and Arizona?—In northern Nevada?—Name a lake in 
California.—One between California and Nevada.—What 
bay extends from the Pacific Ocean into this division ?— 
Name a cape on the Pacific coast.—What is the capital 
of California ?—On what river is it situated ?—What city 
on the Bay of San Francisco?—What and where is the 
capital of Nevada ?—What city is near it ? 

E. G.—6 


DESCRIPTION. 

1. The Western States include California 
and Nevada, and lie south of the North-western 
states. 

2. The surface east of the Sierra Nevada is 
a plateau over a mile high, broken by many 
mountains extending generally north and south. 
This plateau descends gradually to the Mohave 
Desert, which is but little over half a mile high. 
The Colorado Desert in the extreme south is 












54 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


below the level of the sea. A broad, low val¬ 
ley occupies most of California between the 
bierra Nevada and the Coast Range. 

3. The Sierra Nevada are the highest 
mountains of this division, and form a rough 
and broken mountain mass which abounds m 
magnificent scenery. Mount Whitney — the 
most elevated peak—is almost three miles high. 

The Yosemite Valley, on the western slope ot these 
mountains, is famous for the wild beauty ot its scenery. 
It is about eight miles long and two miles wide, and is 
hemmed in by precipitous 
mountain walls about 
three quarters of a mile 
high. Several streams 
fall over these cliffs, 
forming some of the. 
grandest cascades in the 
world. 

4. The climate 
west of the Sierra 
Nevada is mild. 

There are but two 
seasons in this re¬ 
gion—a wet season 
and a dry season. 

The plateau region 
has a dry climate. 

5. The Colorado 
River borders this division on the south-east, and 
is navigable through this part of its course. The 
Sacramento and the San Joaquin are navigable 
for some distance from their mouth. They drain 
the northern and central parts of California. 
The Humboldt River has no outlet to the sea. 
There are many beautiful lakes in this division. 

6. Along the Pacific coast and on the west¬ 
ern slopes of the Sierra Nevada are magnificent 
forests. 

On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada are several 
groves of “Big Trees;” some of these trees are 325 feet 
tail and nearly 2000 years old. 

7. The soil west of the Sierra Nevada is 
very fertile, and produces large crops of wheat, 
barley, and oats, as well as fine fruits and 


garden vegetables. Much of the division is 
adapted to stock-growing, and the raising of 
sheep is an important industry. 

8. Mining is the principal occupation in the 
mountainous regions, in which are rich deposits 
of gold, silver, copper, and quicksilver. 

9. California is called the “Golden State . ,r 
Large crops of grain are produced, and much 
wheat is exported. Fruits and grapes thrive, 
and much wine is manufactured. Some of the 
richest gold mines in the world are on the western 

slope of the Sierra 
Nevada. Quicksilver 
is found in the Coast 
Range. 

San Francisco is the 
largest city in the 
state. Los Angeles is 
the second in size. 
Sacramento is the 
capital. 

10. Nevada abounds 
in mineral wealth, but 
is chiefly remarkable for the richness of its silver 
mines, which are located principally in the western 
part. In the extreme south-east farming is 
profitable, though throughout most of the state 
the climate is too dry for crops. Stock-raising 
is pursued largely. 

Virginia City is a mining center. Carson City 
is the capital. Eureka is a growing town. 

Questions.—1. Where are the Western States ? Name 
them. Bound this division.—2. Describe the surface. 
Where are the Mohave and Colorado deserts ? Where is 
a broad, low valley ?—3. Describe the Sierra Nevada. 
What is the highest peak ?—4. Describe the climate. 
How many seasons are there west of the Sierra Ne¬ 
vada ? What climate has the plateau region ?—5. Name 
the principal rivers. Describe the Sacramento. The San 
Joaquin. The Humboldt. Are there any lakes in this 
division ?—6. Where are the forests ?—7. What is said of 
the soil ? Name some of the products. What is said of 
sheep-raising ?—8. Where is mining the principal occu¬ 
pation? What is said of the metals? 

9. Bound California. What is it called ? Why ? What 
is said of its productions ? Describe San Francisco. 
Los Angeles. What and where is the capital ? 

10.,Bound Nevada. For what is it remarkable? Where 
is farming profitable ? Locate Virginia City. What ancL 
where is the capital ? Name another town. 










BRITISH AMERICA. 



Hunters in a Canadian Forest. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Map Questions on Page j6. 


1. British America includes all of North 
America north of the United States except 
Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland. It belongs to 
Great Britain. 

2. The Dominion of Canada embraces all 
of British America except Newfoundland and 
Labrador. 

3. The Cordilleras extend through the 
western part. The remainder is a plain trav¬ 
ersed by ranges of hills or low mountains along 
the water-sheds. 

4. The climate is subject to great extremes. 
The winters are long and cold; the summers 
are short and warm. 

5. It is so cold in the northern part that 
large trees can not grow. There are exten¬ 
sive forests south of this cold region, and 
prairies in the south-western part east of the 
Cordilleras. 


6. Rivers.—The St. Lawrence is the most 
important river in British America. It is navi¬ 
gable for the largest ocean steamers to Montreal. 
Steamboats descend the rapids above Montreal, 
but ascend by means of canals. 

7. The Mackenzie is the largest river, 
though it is so far north that it is filled with 
ice much of the year. The Ottawa, the Nelson, 
and the Saskatchewan are important streams. 

8. Lakes.—The Great Lakes lie partly in 
the Dominion of Canada. Of other Canadian 
lakes, Great Bear, Great Slave, Athabasca, Deer, 
and Winnipeg are the largest. 

Questions. —1. What does British America include? 
To what country does it belong ?—2. Bound the Dominion 
of Canada. What does it embrace?—3. Describe the 
surface.—4. Describe the climate.—5. What is said of the 
northern part? Where is the forest region? Where are 
prairies?—6. What is said of the St. Lawrence?—7. Of 
the Mackenzie ? Other rivers ?—8. What is said of lakes ? 

( 55 ) 






















































































































MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES. 


57 


9. Productions.—Gold and silver are mined 
chiefly in the west. Nickel, copper, iron ore, 
coal, petroleum, and salt are also found. 

10. The southern part only is settled, 
crops of grain, hay, and 
potatoes are raised. 

11. Farming, lum¬ 
bering, and the hunting 
of fur-bearing animals 
are the leading occu¬ 
pations. Large num¬ 
bers of people are 
employed in the salmon, 
cod, herring, and mack¬ 
erel fisheries. 

12. The Dominion 
of Canada is composed 
of the provinces of 
Nova Scotia, Prince 
Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, 
Manitoba, and British Columbia; the districts of 
Keewatin, Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Athabasca, 
and Alberta, and some unorganized territory. 

‘ 13. Montreal and Quebec, the provincial 
capital, are the largest cities of Quebec. To¬ 
ronto is the capital of Ontario. Halifax, the 


capital of Nova Scotia, is a great naval station. 
Ottawa is the capital of the whole Dominion. 
Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick. 
Victoria is the capital of British Columbia; 

Winnipeg is the capi¬ 
tal of Manitoba ; and 
Charlottetown is the 
capital of Prince Ed¬ 
ward Island. 

14. Newfoundland 
is a rocky island with 
a sterile soil. The 
inhabitants are princi¬ 
pally engaged in the 
cod fisheries. St.Johns 
is the capital. The east 
coast of Labrador is 
under the control of 
Newfoundland. 
Questions.— 9. Where is gold mined ? Silver ? What 
other minerals are found ?—10. What part is settled ? 
What is said of the crops ?—11. What are the leading in¬ 
dustries ? What is said of the fisheries ?—12. Of what is 
the Dominion of Canada composed? —13. Describe 
Montreal. Quebec. Toronto. Halifax. Ottawa. What 
is the capital of New Brunswick ? Of British Columbia ? 
Of Manitoba ? Of Prince Edward Island ?—14. Describe 
Newfoundland. What is the capital ? What part of 
the mainland is part of the Colony of Newfoundland? 


Large 



Cod-fishing near Newfoundland. 


MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND 
THE WEST INDIES. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Map Questions on Page 58. 


1. Mexico is almost one fourth as large as 
the United States. The surface is a high 
plateau, which rises from narrow coast plains. 
The plateau is bordered on the west by the 
Sierra Madre, and on the south by several vol¬ 
canoes, of which Orizaba is the highest. 

2. The climate is hot and unhealthful on the 
low coast plains, but drier and more temperate 


on the plateau. The year is divided into a wet 
season and a dry season. 

3. Productions.— Coffee, sugar-cane, indigo, 
and tropical fruits are raised along the coasts, 
and forests of mahogany and palms are found. 

Ouestions. —i. Bound Mexico. Describe its surface. 
Name the principal mountains. The highest volcano.— 
2. What is said of the climate?—3. Of the products? 














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MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES. 


59 


4. Corn, wheat, and other plants common 
in the United States are raised on the plateau. 
Many cattle are also herded there. 

5. Minerals.—The silver mines of Mexico 
are among the richest in the world. Gold, 
copper, and quicksilver are also found. 

6. The inhabitants are Indians or whites 
of Spanish descent. The form of government 
is republican. 

The republic of Mexico consists of twenty-seven states, 
one federal district, and 
the territories of Tepic 
and Lower California. 

Each state has its own 
local government. 

7. The City of 
Mexico is the cap¬ 
ital. It is situated 
in a wide valley 
surrounded by lofty 
mountains. Vera 
Cruz is the principal 
sea-port. 

8 . CentralAmer- 
ica.—Like Mexico, 
nearly all of this 
region is a table-land 
with low plains 
along the coasts of 
the Caribbean Sea. 

Near the Pacific 
coast are many active volcanoes. 

9. Earthquakes are frequent, and have de¬ 
stroyed many cities. 

10. Productions.—The most important prod¬ 
ucts are indigo, rice, corn, sugar, cotton, coffee, 
and tobacco. The mahogany tree grows in the 
forests of the coast region. 

11. Central America consists of five inde¬ 
pendent republics,—Guatemala, Honduras, Sal¬ 
vador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica,—and a 
British colony. 

12. New Guatemala is the capital of Guate¬ 
mala, and San Salvador of Salvador. Teguci¬ 
galpa is the capital of Honduras; Managua, of 


Nicaragua; and San Jose, of Costa Rica. Belize 
is the capital of the British colony of the same 
name. 

13. The West Indies consist of a large 
number of islands on the north and east of the 
Caribbean ‘Sea. 

14. Cuba is the largest of these islands. It 
belongs to Spain. Haiti is inhabited chiefly by 
negroes, and is divided into two republics. 
Jamaica belongs to England; Puerto Rico, to 
Spain. Havana is the capital of Cuba, and 
the largest city in the West Indies. 

Much of the sugar and the finest tobacco used in the 
United States come from Cuba. 

15. These four large islands and the chain of 
smaller ones east of the Caribbean Sea are called 
the Antilles. The islands north of them be¬ 
long to Great Brit¬ 
ain, and are called 
the Bahamas. The 
Antilles are mount¬ 
ainous ; the Baha¬ 
mas are low and 
level. 

The first land of 
America discovered by 
Christopher Columbus 
was one of the Ba¬ 
hamas. 

16. Productions. 
—The principal products of the West Indies 
are sugar, tobacco, tropical fruits, and coffee. 

Questions.— 4. What are raised on the table-lands of 
Mexico ?—5. What is said of the mines ?—6. Of the in¬ 
habitants ? Of the form of government ?—7. What and 
where is the capital? Where is Vera Cruz? 

8. Bound Central America. Describe its surface.—9. 
What is said about earthquakes?—10. What are the most 
important products?—11. How many republics in Central 
America? Name them. What colony ?—12. What is the 
capital of Guatemala ? Of Salvador ? Honduras ? Nica¬ 
ragua? Costa Rica? Belize? 

13. Where are the West Indies?—14. Name the four 
largest islands. To what country' do Cuba and Puerto 
Rico belong ? What is said of Haiti ? Of Jamaica ? What 
is the capital of Cuba ?—15. Where are the Antilles ? The 
Bahamas ? Describe the surface of each chain. To 
what country do the Bahamas belong?—16. What are the 
products of the West Indies ? 



A Scene in Cuba. 











MATTHEWS, NORTKW ^C^SC., BUFFALO, N,V. 


'SSFll MINMAM, DEL. 


























































































SOUTH AMERICA. 



MAP QUESTIONS. 


What sea north of South America?—What ocean east?—What ocean 
west ?—What mountain system near the Pacific Ocean ?—What plateau in 


the east?—In the 

America?—What cape farthest north?—Farthest east ?— 
Farthest south ?—Farthest west ? 

What river north of the plateau of Guiana ?—What 
river empties into the Atlantic Ocean near the equator ?— 
Name the largest northern tributary to the Amazon.—The 
largest southern tributary.—What large river empties into 
the Atlantic Ocean in the southern part of this grand- 
division ?—What two rivers unite to form the Rio de la 
Plata ?—What is the largest tributary to the Parana 
River ?—What river empties into the Atlantic south of 
Cape Branco? 


north-east?—What isthmus joins Central America to South 
What divisions occupy the northern part of South 
America?—What division occupies the eastern part?— 
What one occupies about half of that portion of South 
America lying west of the Andes?—What two divisions 
east of Chile?—Which of these divisions is the larger?— 
What divisions are east of the Argentine Republic?— 
What two divisions west of Bolivia?—What division 
north-west of Peru ?—Name the divisions that border on 
the Atlantic Ocean.—On the Pacific Ocean.—On the Car¬ 
ibbean Sea.—Name the capital of each.—What islands 
south of South America? 


Some Animals of South America. 


DESCRIPTION. 


1. South America occupies the southern 
part of the Western continent. Its coast has 
but few bays and harbors. 

2 . The Cordillera of the Andes extends 
along the Pacific coast. This is next to the 
highest mountain range in the world. Many 
of the peaks are always covered with snow. 


Volcanoes are numerous, and earthquakes are 
frequent. 

The most of this range is about 2 % miles high, and 
many of the peaks rise to a height of more than four 
miles. 

Questions. —i. Where is South America? Bound it. 
What is said of its coast?—2. Describe the Cordillera 
of the Andes. 

(6i) 



















62 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


3. The Brazilian Plateau includes one 
fourth of South America. It is about a quarter 
of a mile high, and is traversed by several low 
mountain chains. 

4. The Plateau of Guiana is in the north¬ 
eastern part of the grand-division; it is a little 
higher, but much smaller, than the Brazilian 
Plateau. 

5. A vast low plain lies between the 
Andes and these two plateaus, and extends 
from the Caribbean 
Sea to the Strait of 
Magellan. In dif¬ 
ferent parts this low 
plain is called llanos, 
selvas, and pampas. 

The llanos, or prai¬ 
ries, have a wet season 
and a dry season. 

During the wet portion 
of the year they are 
covered with grasses 
and shrubs, but during 
the dry season they are 
the hottest part of 
America, and have the 
appearance of a 
parched desert. The 
selvas form the most 
extensive forests in the 
world, and occupy the 
valley of the Amazon. 

Many of the trees are of great size, and the foliage is 
so thick as to completely shade the ground from the rays 
of the sun. The selvas are the home of many of the 
wild animals of South America. The pampas, like the 
llanos, are covered with grass and tall weeds during the 
wet season, which afford excellent pasturage for immense 
herds of horses, mules, and cattle. 

6. Most of the rivers of South America are 
navigable for a great distance. The Amazon 
River system is the largest in the world, and 
drains more than one third of the grand-division. 
The Orinoco River system drains the llanos; 
that of the Rio de la Plata drains the northern 
part of the pampas. The Parana and Uruguay 
unite and form the Rio de la Plata. 


7. The climate of the greater part of South 
America is hot and moist. The higher por¬ 
tions of the Andes and the southern extremity 
of the grand-division have a cold climate. Most 
of the west coast north of Valparaiso, and much 
of the southern part of the Argentine Repub¬ 
lic, are very dry. 

8. The animals of South America are the 
tapir, the jaguar, the armadillo, the huge boa- 
constrictor, many kinds of monkeys, the rhea or 
ostrich, and many birds in the selvas; and 

immense herds of 
horses and cattle in 
the llanos and pam¬ 
pas. The manatee, 
or sea-cow, is found 
in some of the riv¬ 
ers. The llama, the 
alpaca, and the con¬ 
dor are seen among 
the Andes. 

The llama and the 
alpaca are valued for 
their fine wool. The 
condor is one of the 
largest of birds. 

9. South Amer¬ 
ica contains but 
little more than 
one third as many 
people as North 
America. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians or 
descendants of Spanish or Portuguese settlers. 
There are many negroes in Brazil. 

10. South America is divided into ten inde¬ 
pendent republics, and the three colonies of 
Guiana, belonging to European nations. 

Questions. —3. Describe the Brazilian Plateau.—4. The 
Plateau of Guiana,—5. Locate and describe the low plain 
of the grand-division.—6. What is said of the rivers of 
South America ? Describe the Amazon river system. 
What is said of the Orinoco system ? Of the Rio de la 
Plata system ?—7. What is the climate of most of South 
America? Where is it cold? Where dry?—8. Name 
some of the animals found in the selvas. On the llanos 
and pampas. Among the Andes.—9. What is said of the 
population ? To what races do the inhabitants belong ?— 
10. How is South America divided ? 







SOUTH AMERICA. 


63 


11. The United States of Brazil is larger 
than the United States without Alaska. It sup¬ 
plies half of the coffee used in the world, besides 
some sugar. The selvas in the north supply 
much India rubber. The Portuguese language is 
spoken by most of the people. 

Rio Janeiro is the capital. Pernambuco is an 
important sea-port. 

12. Guiana belongs to three. European na¬ 
tions, — Great Britain, The Netherlands, and 
France. Sugar and rum are produced. George¬ 
town is the capital of the British colony; Para¬ 
maribo, of the Dutch; and Cayenne, of the 
French. 

13. Venezuela. —The northern and southern 
parts are forest-covered 
mountains; the central 
part lies in the llanos. 

Coffee and cacao, from 
which chocolate is 
made, are produced. 

Caracas is the capital. 

14. C o 1 o m b i a is 
traversed by three 
chains of the Andes, 
which render the sur¬ 
face mountainous. Coffee, and cinchona, from 
which quinine is made, are important products. 
Gold, silver, and precious stones are found. To¬ 
bacco, rubber, and hides are leading exports. 

Bogota is the capital. 

15. Ecuador. — The Andes are narrow but 
very high in this country, and contain two noted 
volcanoes. Cacao is the chief product. 

Quito, the capital, is on the equator. 

16. Peru.—The Andes broaden into a high 
plateau in Peru, upon which is lake Titicaca, the 
highest large fresh-water lake in the world. The 
silver mines are famou^. Cinchona is exported. 

Lima is the capital. 

17. Bolivia lies partly on the high plateau, 
from which rise many lofty peaks. There are 
valuable silver and copper mines. 

La Paz is the largest city and the residence 


of the President, though Sucre is the legal 
capital. 

18. Chile has many fine forests in the south. 
Wheat, copper, and saltpeter are exported. 

Santiago is the capital. Valparaiso is the 
principal sea-port. 

19. The Argentine Republic contains most 
of the pampas. Herding is the principal occu¬ 
pation. Wheat, frozen meat, wool, and hides are 
exported. The southern part is called Patagonia. 

Buenos Ayres, the capital, is the largest 
city in the Argentine Republic. 

20. Uruguay has many grassy plains. Live¬ 
stock is the chief product and largest export. 

Montevideo is the capital. 

21. Paragu ay.— 
Cattle-raising is the 
principal industry. 

Asuncion is the cap¬ 
ital. 

Questions.— 1 1 . Bound 
the United States of Brazil. 
What is said of its size ? 
What does Brazil supply to 
the world ? What language 
is spoken ? Name and lo¬ 
cate the capital. An im¬ 
portant sea-port. 

12. Bound Guiana. To 
whom does it belong ? What are produced ? Name and 
locate the capital of each colony. 

13. Bound Venezuela. Describe the country. What 
are the products ? What and where is the capital ? 

14. Bound Colombia. Describe its surface. Name 
two important products. What minerals are found ? 
What are the leading exports ? Name and locate the 
capital. 

15. Bound Ecuador. What is said of the mountains ? 
What is the chief product ? What and where is the capital ? 

16. Bound Peru. What is said of the surface ? Of 
the mines ? What product is exported ? Name and lo¬ 
cate the capital. 

17. Bound Bolivia. What is said of the surface? Of 
the mines ? What and where is the legal capital ? The 
largest city ? 

18. Bound Chile. Where are forests ? What are the 
exports? What and where is the capital? The largest 
sea-port ? 

19. Bound the Argentine Republic. What does it con¬ 
tain ? What is the principal occupation ? What are the 
exports ? What is the southern part called ? What and 
where is the capital ? 

20. Bound Uruguay. What is the chief product ? The 
largest export ? What and where is the capital ? 

21. Bound Paraguay. What is the principal industry? 
What and where is the capital ? 



A Scene on the Pampas. 













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EUROPE 



Scenes in Europe. 


ANTWERP 


PARIS 


3. The surface is mountainous in the 
west; but the eastern half of Europe is a 
vast low plain. 

4. The Alps form the highest mountain 
system lying wholly in Europe. 

Many of the peaks are always covered with snow, and 
many glaciers, or rivers of ice, are found upon their 
sides. The grandeur of the scenery attracts thousands 
of tourists. The Carpathians, the Apennines, and the 
Balkan Mountains are parts of the Alpine system. 

Questions.— 1. Where is Europe? Bound it. What 
is said of its size ?—2. Of its shape ?—3. Describe the sur¬ 
face.—4. What are the highest mountains in Europe ? 


THE 


DESCRIPTION. 

1. Europe is the north-western part of the 
Eastern continent. It is less than half as large 
as North America. 

2. The shape of Europe is more irregular 
than that of any other grand-division. 


ROCK OF GIBRALTAR. 


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66 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


5. The Pyrenees form the next highest 
range in Europe. The Kiolen Mountains, in 
the north, and the Urals, in the east, are very 
low chains. 

The Caucasus Mountains are very high, but properly 
belong to the mountain systems of Asia. 

6. The rivers of greatest importance are the 
Volga, the Danube, and the Rhine. 

The Volga is the largest river in Europe; it empties 
into the Caspian Sea, which lies below the level of the 
ocean and has no outlet. 

7. The lakes of Europe are small, and lie 
chiefly among the Alps 
and around the Baltic 
Sea. 

8. The climate is 
temperate, and warmer 
than that of North 
America in similar 
latitudes. It is much 
warmer and moister in 
the west and south than 
in the north and east. 

9. The forests of 
Europe are. chiefly in 
north-central Russia and 
on the mountain slopes of the west. All of the 
plants raised in the United States, except 
cotton, are also cultivated in Europe. Wheat 
and potatoes are staples. In the south, grapes, 
oranges, olives, and figs are grown. 

10. The population is greater than that of 
any other grand-division except Asia. The 
people are mostly Caucasians. In the south¬ 
east and in the extreme north, there are a few 
Mongolians. 

11. The principal animals are the white bear 
and the reindeer, in the north; the chamois, 
among the Alps; the wolf, in the east; the 
deer, the fox, and many kinds of birds. Do¬ 
mestic animals are carefully reared. 

12. Europe is divided into nineteen independ¬ 
ent countries. France and Switzerland are re- : 
publics; the rest are monarchies. 


13. The British Isles are part of the 
“United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire¬ 
land.” The larger island is called Great Britain, 
and includes England, Scotland, and Wales; the 
smaller island comprises simply Ireland. 

Besides the British Isles, the United Kingdom in¬ 
cludes immense possessions in Asia, Africa, America, 
and Australia. 

14. England is the most important and the 
most densely populated part of the kingdom. 
It is about as large as the state of New York, 
but contains half as many people as the whole 

United States. The 
surface is mostly a low, 
fertile plain. More coal, 
iron, tin, and lead are 
mined, and more cloth 
is manufactured, than 
in any other country <?f 
the world. The com¬ 
merce of England is 
very extensive. 

15. London, the cap¬ 
ital, is the largest city 
and the commercial 
center of the world. 
Liverpool is an important sea-port. Manchester 
is noted for its cotton manufactures. 

16. Scotland is a mountainous country. Glas¬ 
gow is the largest city. Edinburgh is the next 
in size. 

Wales is a -small, mountainous country. 

Questions.— 5. Describe the Pyrenees. Name and 
locate two other chains.—6. What are the three most im¬ 
portant rivers? Describe each of them.—7. Where are 
the lakes of Europe ? Which is the largest ?—8. Describe 
the climate.—9. Where are the forest regions? What 
plants are cultivated in Europe ?—10. What is said of the 
population? To what races do the people belong?—11. 
What animals are found ?—12. Into how many countries 
is Europe divided ? Which are republics ? What are 
the rest? 

13. Of what kingdom do the British Isles form a part? 
What is the larger island called ? The smaller ?—14. De¬ 
scribe England. For what is it noted?—15. What and 
where is the capital ? Describe London. Where is 
Liverpool? Manchester?—16. Describe Scotland. Where 
is Glasgow ? Edinburgh ? What islands north of Scot¬ 
land ? Describe Wales. 











EUROPE. 


67 


17. Ireland is largely a low, fertile plain. 
Agriculture is the chief occupation. Dublin is 
the largest city. Linen cloth is made at Belfast. 

18. Norway and Sweden occupy the Scan¬ 
dinavian peninsula, which is about as large as 
Texas. The western part of this region is a 
mountainous plateau; the eastern, a low plain. 

19. Much pine lumber is exported. Iron, 
copper, and lead are mined. The fisheries on 
the coast of Norway are valuable. 

20. Each kingdom makes its own laws, but 
both have the 
same king, who 
resides at 
Stockholm, 
the capital of 
Sweden. 

Christiania 
is the capital of 
Norway. 

21. Russia 
occupies more 
than one half of 
Europe. It is 
a low plain, 
through which 
flow many long, 
navigable riv¬ 
ers. In the south are extensive steppes , or tree¬ 
less prairies. 

The winters in the east are very cold, and much of 
the traveling is done in sleighs. 

22. Agriculture is the principal occupation. 
Large crops of wheat are raised in southern 
Russia. Wheat, hemp, and flax are the lead¬ 
ing exports. 

23. St. Petersburg is the capital; Moscow , 
Warsaw, Odessa, and Riga are important cities. 

24. Germany is an empire. The southern 
part lies on the Alpine plateau; the northern 
part is a low plain. It is the most populous 
country in western Europe. Every man in 
Germany is obliged to serve for three years in 
the army. 


25. Agriculture and manufacturing are the 
leading industries. Much coal and iron, zinc, 
and other metals are mined. The Germans are 
noted for their industry and intelligence. 

26. Berlin, the capital, is the third city of 
Europe in size. Hamburg is the great commer¬ 
cial city. Breslau is in a mining and flax-grow- 
ing region. 

27. Austro-Hungary is an empire. It is 
the largest country of western Europe, but is 
not quite so large as the state of Texas. 

28. The cen¬ 
tral portion is a 
low plain, which 
is surrounded 
by high mount¬ 
ains. Agricult¬ 
ure and grazing 
are the chief 
pursuits. 

29. Vienna, 
the fourth city 
of Europe in 
size, is the cap¬ 
ital. Buda and 
Pest, on the 
Danube, are 
connected by 

bridges, and together form one city,—Budapest. 

Questions.— 17. Describe Ireland. Where is Dublin ? 
Belfast ? What sea and what channel east of Ireland? 

18. Where are Norway and Sweden ? Bound Norway. 
Bound Sweden. Describe the surface of the Scandina¬ 
vian peninsula.—19. What is said about lumber ? Min¬ 
erals ? Fisheries ?—20. The government ? What and 
where is the capital of Sweden? Of Norway? Where 
does the king reside ? 

21. Bound Russia. What part of Europe does it 
occupy ? Describe the surface. Where are steppes ? 
Describe the Ural River. The Volga. The Dnieper. 
The Dwina.—22. What is the principal occupation? 
What products are exported ?—23. What and where is the 
capital? Where is Moscow? Warsaw? Odessa? Riga? 

24. Bound Germany. What is said of its surface? 
Population ?—25. Industries ? For what are the Germans 
noted?—26. What and where is the capital? Describe 
Hamburg. Breslau. 

27. Bound Austro-Hungary. What is said of its 
s i ze ?—28. Surface ? What are chief pursuits ?—29. What 
and where is the capital? Describe Budapest. 















68 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


30. The kingdom of Denmark is low and 
sandy. Agriculture, herding, and fishing are 
the principal occupations. 

Copenhagen is the capital. 

31. The kingdom of Belgium is the most 
densely populated country in the world. Its 
manufactures and commerce are extensive. 

Brussels is the capital. 

32. The kingdom of The Netherlands is so 
low that dikes, or walls of earth, are built along 
the sea-shore to keep the water from overflow¬ 
ing. The people are called “Dutch,”’and are 
engaged principally 
in commerce and 
dairy-farming. 

Amsterdam is the 
largest city. The 
Hague is the cap¬ 
ital. 

33. The republic 
of Switzerland con¬ 
sists of twenty-two 
states, or cantons. 

The fine scenery at¬ 
tracts many visitors. 

Berne is the capital. 

34. France is a little larger than the Middle 
States. The eastern part is mountainous; the 
western, low and level. More wine and silk are 
produced than in any other country of Europe. 
The island of Corsica is a part of the republic 
of France. 

35. Paris, the capital, is noted for the beauty 
of its churches and other buildings. Lyons has 
extensive silk manufactories. Marseilles , Bor¬ 
deaux, and Havre are the principal sea-ports. 

36. Spain and Portugal.—These kingdoms 
occupy the Spanish peninsula, which is a dry 
plateau traversed by mountain chains. Wheat, 
wool, olives, and grapes are the chief products. 
Quicksilver, iron, copper, and lead are found. 

Madrid is the capital of Spain; Lisbon, the 
capital of Portugal. 

37. The kingdom of Italy includes the islands 


of Sicily and Sardinia. Raising the silk-worm 
and sardine-fishing are important industries. 

38. Naples , the largest city, has a beautiful 
location. Milan and Turin are centers of silk 
culture. Rome is the capital of Italy, and the 
residence of the Pope; it is famous as the 
capital of the ancient world. 

39. The empire of Turkey is a mountainous 
country, with many fertile valleys. The ruler 
is called the Sultan. The Turks belong to the 
yellow race, and are Mohammedans. 

Constantinople is the capital. 

40. Roumaniaand 
Servia are king¬ 
doms. Montenegro 
is a principality. 
These states export 
cattle and grain. 
Bucharest is the 
capital of Roumania; 
Belgrade, of Servia; 
and C e 11 i n j e, of 
Montenegro. 

41. The kingdom 
of Greece exports 
wine, currants, and 

honey. Athens is the capital. 

Questions.— 30. Bound Denmark. Describe it. Its 
industries. What and where is the capital ? 

31. Bound Belgium. Describe it. Where is the capital ? 

32. Bound the Netherlands. Describe the surface. 
What are the people called ? What are their occupa¬ 
tions ? Where is the capital ? What is the largest city ? 

33. Bound Switzerland. Describe it. What is the 
capital ? 

34. ‘Bound France. What is said of the surface ? Of the 
productions? Of Corsica?—35. What and where is the 
capital? Locate Lyons. Marseilles. Bordeaux. Havre. 

36. Bound Spain. Bound Portugal. Where are these 
kingdoms ? Describe the surface. What are the chief 
products ? What minerals are found ? What and where 
is the capital of Spain ? Of Portugal ? 

37. Bound Italy. What islands belong to it ? What 
are important industries?—38. What and where is the 
capital? Describe it. Naples. Milan. Turin. 

39. Bound Turkey. Describe its surface. What is 
the ruler called? What is said of the Turks? What 
and where is the capital ? 

40. Bound Roumania. Servia. Montenegro. What 
and where is the capital of each ? 

41. Bound and describe Greece. What is the capital? 










ASIA 



DESCRIPTION. 


Map Questions on page yi. 


i. Asia forms the eastern part of the Eastern continent. It 
is about twice the size of North America, and is the largest of the 
grand-divisions. 


2. The Ural Mountains and the Ural River 
separate it from Europe; the Isthmus of Suez 
connects it with Africa. 

3. Six great seas wash the eastern coast, 
and are separated from the Pacific by chains 
of islands. Two large seas and a bay from 
the Indian Ocean bound the southern coast. 

4. Surface.—The northern part of Asia is 
a low plain. There are also low plains in 
eastern China, central India, and south-eastern 
Turkey. The central and southern parts of the 
grand-division consist of vast plateaus, bordered 
and traversed by some of the highest mountains 
in the world. 

5. The Himalaya Mountains border the 
high Plateau of Thibet on the south. These 
are the loftiest mountains of Asia, and contain 
peaks almost 5^ miles high. The Kuen Lun, 
the Hindoo Koosh, and the Altai Mountains 
are also very high chains. 


6. Rivers and Lakes.—The Yenisei, Lena, 
and Obi are the longest rivers in Asia, but the 
Yangtse, Ganges, Amoor, and Indus are the 
most important. 

7. Most of the lakes and inland seas of 
Asia are salt; the largest—Caspian Sea—lies 
below the level of the ocean. Baikal is the 
largest fresh-water lake. 

8. Climate.—The northern plain is one of 
the coldest regions in the world. The dry cen¬ 
tral plateaus are very cold in winter, and very 
hot in summer. The southern part of Asia is 
moist and hot. 

Questions. —1. Where is Asia? Bound it. What is 
said of its size ?—2. How is it separated from Europe ? 
How connected with Africa ?—3. Name the six seas on 
the east. The two seas on the south. The bay.—4. De¬ 
scribe the surface of northern Asia. Of central and 
southern Asia. Where are other low plains ?—5. What 
are the loftiest mountains ? Name three other high 
chains.—6. What is said of the rivers ?—7. Of the lakes 
and inland seas ?—8. Of the climate ? 

( 69 ) 


Scenes in Different Parts of Asia. 



















o 



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ASIA. 


7i 


9. The bleak plains in the extreme north 
are covered with mosses, and are called tundras. 
The plateaus of Central Asia are too dry for 
plants to grow. 

10. There are extensive forests in Central 
Siberia and along the lower mountain slopes 
throughout the grand-division. In the hot 
southern countries the vegetation is luxuriant, 
and the forests are very 
dense. 

11. In parts of Asia, 
wheat, rice, cotton, tea, 
coffee, the orange, and 
the peach grow wild. 

12. Among the ani¬ 
mals are the elephant, 
the rhinoceros, the 
camel, the lion, the 
tiger, the monkey, and 
the crocodile, besides many strange and beauti¬ 
fully-colored birds. 

13. Asia contains more than half the people 
in the world. In the east, they are mostly 
Mongolians; in the west, mostly Caucasians; 
in the south-east and in the Malay Archipel¬ 
ago, they belong to the Malay race. 

14. The Russian Possessions in Asia ex¬ 
tend entirely across the northern part of the 
grand-division, and are almost twice as large as 
the United States. In some parts, the climate 


is so cold that water freezes every night in the 
year. Hunting fur-bearing animals, mining, and 
agriculture are the chief occupations. Tiflis, in 
Caucasia; Tashkend , in Russian Turkestan; Ir- 
koutsk, in Eastern Siberia ; and Omsk , in Western 
Siberia, are the most important towns. 

15. The Chinese Empire is larger than 
the whole of Europe. China proper is only a 
small part of the em¬ 
pire, but contains most 
of the inhabitants. 

16. The Chinese are 
an industrious agricult¬ 
ural people, belonging 
to the Mongolian race. 
Rice, tea, and silk are 
the principal products. 

Canton , in the south, 
is one of the largest 
cities. Peking, in the north, is the capital. 
Tien Tsin is an important port. 

Questions.— 9. Describe the tundras.—10. Where are 
extensive forests ?—11. What plants grow wild in parts of 
Asia?—12. What animals are found?—13. What is said 
of the people of Asia? To what races do they belong? 

14. What is the northern part of the Russian posses¬ 
sions in Asia called ? What is said of the size of these 
possessions ? Of the climate ? Of the occupations ? 
Where is Tiflis ? Tashkend? Irkoutsk? Omsk? 

15. What countries compose the Chinese Empire? 
What is said of its size ? Of China proper ?—16. Of its 
inhabitants ? Products ? Where is the largest city ? 
What and where is the capital ? Locate Tien-Tsin. 



A Japanese Town. 


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72 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


17. The Empire of Japan occupies the is- | 
lands between the peninsula of Kamchatka and j 
the Bashee Channel, including the island of For- 1 
mosa. The surface is mountainous, with many 
active volcanoes. The Japanese are a progressive 
people, and the most highly civilized of the Mon¬ 
golian races. Agriculture is the leading industry. 

Tokyo is the capital; Kioto , an important city. 

18. Farther India includes Burma, belong¬ 
ing to England, and the kingdoms of Siam, 
and Atiam, besides Cam¬ 
bodia, which belongs to 
P'ranee. The surface is 
mountainous and cov¬ 
ered with dense forests. 

Rice, indigo, spices, and 
tropical fruits are raised. 

Most of the people are 
Mongolians, though 
there are some Malays 
in the Malay Penin¬ 
sula. 

Bankok is the cap¬ 
ital of Siam ; Hue, of 
Anam; and Saigon, of 
Cambodia. 

19. The Malay Arch¬ 
ipelago includes the 
islands between Asia 
and Australia; those lying farther north or west 
than Macassar Straits are part of Asia. The 
islands are covered with dense forests, and con¬ 
tain many volcanoes. Most of the Archipelago 
belongs to the Dutch. Batavia, on Java, is 
the principal city. 

The Philippine Islands belong to Spain. 
Manila is the capital and chief town. 

20. India is about half as large as the United 
States, and belongs to Great Britain. The val¬ 
ley of the Ganges is very fertile, and great crops 
of opium, rice, and cotton are raised. The 
people are Caucasian, and are called “Hindoos.” 

Bombay , Calcutta, the capital, and Madras 
are the most important cities. 


21. Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan, 
are independent monarchies lying on the plateau 
of Iran. The climate is dry and hot. Herding 
sheep, goats, and camels are the principal occu¬ 
pations. 

Teheran is the capital of Persia; Cabul, of 
Afghanistan; and Kelat, of Baluchistan. 

22. Turkestan is mostly a low, sandy desert. 
The people are Mongolian, and roam about 
with their flocks and herds. Khiva and Bok¬ 
hara are in fertile spots 
in the desert. 

23. Turkey in Asia 
extends from the Strait 
of Bab el Mandeb and 
the Persian Gulf to the 
Black Sea. About half 
of the people are Mon-, 
golians; the other half 
are Caucasians. 

Smyrna is the largest 
city. 

24. Palestine is a 
small part of Syria, in 

Turkey. It is noted as the country in which 
Jesus Christ lived and died. 

Jerusalem is often called the Holy City. 

25. Arabia is mostly a dry and sterile plateau, 
over which the Arabs roam with their herds of 
fine horses. 

Oman, in the east, is the most fertile part. 
Muscat is the chief town. 

Questions.—17. Where is Japan ? What is said of 
it ? What and where is the capital ? Locate Kioto. 

18. What does Farther India include? Describe the 
surface, products, and people. What and where is the 
capital of Siam ? Anam ? Cambodia ? 

19. Where is the Malay Archipelago? Describe it. 
The Philippine Islands. Locate Batavia. Manila. 

20. Bound India. Describe it. What and where is 
the capital ? Where is Bombay ? Madras ? 

21. Bound Persia. Afghanistan. Baluchistan. De¬ 
scribe them. Name and locate the capital of each. 

22. Bound Turkestan. Describe it. Where are Khiva 
and Bokhara ? 

23. Where is Turkey ? To what races do the people 
belong ? What and where is the largest town ? 

24. For what is Palestine noted ? Where is Jerusalem ? 

25. Describe Arabia. What is the chief town ? 












AFRICA. 



DESCRIPTION. 

Map Questions on Page /j. 

1. Africa is the south-western grand-division 
of the Eastern continent. It is three times as 
large as Europe. 

2. This grand-division is a vast table-land, 
with narrow low plains along the coasts. The 
principal mountain ranges are on the margin of 
the table-land, which is higher in the southern 
and eastern than in the northern and western 
parts. 

3. The principal rivers are the Niger, the 
Nile, the Kongo, and the Zambesi. The prin¬ 
cipal lakes are Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyassa, 
and Tchad. 

4. Africa is situated chiefly in the torrid 
zone, and has a hotter climate than any other 


Ruins at Karnak, Egypt. 

grand-division. A moist region lies on both 
| sides of the equator. This is covered with 
prairies or dense tropical forests. North and 
south of this belt, the climate is hot and dry. 

5. The principal wild animals are the ele¬ 
phant, the giraffe, the hippopotamus, the 
rhinoceros, the lion, the leopard, the hyena, 
the zebra, the crocodile, the gorilla, and the 
ostrich. 

In the southern part of Africa, ostriches are raised 
upon “ostrich farms” for their feathers. 

6. Most of the inhabitants of Africa belong 
to the Ethiopian, or black, race. The Cauca¬ 
sian race inhabits the countries bordering on 
the Mediterranean and Red seas. 

Questions. —1. In what part of the Eastern continent 
is Africa ? What is said of its size ? Bound it.—2. De¬ 
scribe the surface.—3. Describe the Niger River. The 
Nile. The Kongo. The Zambesi. The Orange. » Where 
is Lake Albert? Victoria? Tanganyika? Nyassa? 
Tchad ?—4. Describe the climate of Africa. Where is 
the moist region ?—5. Name some of the principal wild 
animals.—6. To what race do most of the inhabitants 
belong? What countries do the whites inhabit? 






















































































































































AFRICA. 


75 



A Caravan in the Sahara. 



MAP QUESTIONS. 

What sea north of Africa ?—What ocean east ?—What 
ocean west ?—What sea between Africa and Asia ?—What 
straits connect the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden ?— 
What channel between Africa and Madagascar ?—What 
gulf on the western coast?—What strait connects the 
Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean ?—Through 
what lake does the equator pass?—What isthmus con¬ 
nects Africa and Asia?—What cape is the most western 
point of Africa ?—The most south-western point ?—The 
most eastern point?—What island east of 
Africa?—What mountains in the north-west?— 

Name two high peaks near the equa¬ 
tor ?—What mountain range in the 
extreme south ? What river empties 
into the Mediterranean 
Sea?—In what lakes 
does it rise? — What 
river empties into Mo¬ 
zambique Channel? — 

Into the Gulf of Guinea, 
north of the equator ?— 

South of the equator ?— 

What river north of Cape 
Colony? — What coun¬ 
tries border on the Red 
Sea ?—What is the cap¬ 
ital of Egypt ?—Of Abys¬ 
sinia ?—What countries bor¬ 
der on the Mediterranean 
Sea ?—What country in the south 


7. The Barbary States are Morocco, Al¬ 
geria, Tunis, and Tripoli. Morocco is inde¬ 
pendent; Algeria and Tunis belong to France. 
Tripoli belongs to Turkey. 

8. Egypt occupies the lower part of the 
Nile valley. The valley of the Nile is very 

fertile. Grain and cotton are the 
''C- j v x principal products. Egypt is 
noted for its ancient ruins. 

Cairo is the cap¬ 
ital ; Alexandria , the 
principal sea-port. 

9. The Sahara 
is a rocky and sandy 
desert nearly as large 
as the United States. 
Its inhabitants live 
in fertile spots, 
called oases, and 
travel across the des¬ 
ert with long cara¬ 
vans of camels. 

Questions. —7. Name che Barbary 
States. The capital of each. To whom 
does Algeria belong? Tunis? Tripoli? 

8. Bound Egypt. What river flows 
through it ? What is said of it ? What 
and where is the capital ? 

9. Describe the Sahara. 


Africa ?—What . is its capital ? 


Some Animals of Africa. 



























































































































































































































AUSTRALIA. 


77 


10. The Soudan is occupied by a number 
of states, many of which are under French and 
British influence. The soil is very fertile, and 
produces tropical plants, corn, and cotton. 

Yakoba and Timbuctoo are large towns. 

11. Abyssinia is a mountainous plateau. The 
climate is mild. The country is under Italian 
influence. Gondar is the capital. 

12. Upper Guinea includes several states. 
Liberia, inhabited chiefly by negroes from Amer¬ 
ica, is one of them. Senegambia belongs to 
France and Great Britain. Sierra Leone be¬ 
longs to Great Britain. 

13. Lower Guinea and Mozambique belong 
mostly to Portugal. 

Loanda is the capital of Lower Guinea; and 
Mozambique , of Mozambique. 

14. Central Africa lies south of the Soudan. 
It is inhabited by ignorant and savage tribes, 
mostly negroes. It includes the Kongo State 


created by European nations for purposes of 
commerce and the extinction of the slave trade. 

15. Cape Colony and Natal belong to En¬ 
gland. Cape Town and Pietermaritzburg are the 
capitals. South African Republic, the Orange 
Free State, and Griqualand West, are settled 
by Dutch farmers, but are controlled by Great 
Britain. 

16. The kingdom of Madagascar is inhabited 
by a Malay tribe. Tananarivo is the capital. 

Questions.—10. Where is the Soudan ? What is said 
of the soil and productions ? Of the towns ? 

11. Where is Abyssinia? Describe it. 

12. Where is Upper Guinea? What is said of Sene¬ 
gambia ? Liberia ? Sierra Leone ? Name two capitals. 

13. To what power do Lower Guinea and Mozambique 
belong ? Name and locate their capitals. 

14. Where is Central Africa ? By whom is it inhabited ? 
What does it include? 

15. Where is Cape Colony? Natal? To whom do 
they belong? What and where is the capital of each? 
Describe the countries to the north. 

16. Who inhabit Madagascar ? What is the capital ? 


AUSTRALIA. 


DESCRIPTION. 


1. Australia is the smallest of the conti¬ 
nents. 

2. The surface is a low plateau. Several 
mountain chains extend along the eastern and 


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western shores. The Blue Mountains, near the 
eastern shore, are the highest. 

3. On the eastern coast, the climate is tem¬ 
perate ; that of the interior is hot and dry. 



Fiji Islanders. 

Questions. —1. What is said of Australia?—2. Describe 
the surface of the continent.—3. Describe the climate. 

















78 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 



KTOCAROO, 


Combats 


,'tasv^n.a:, • 


Some Animals 


of Australia. 


4. Many strange plants and curious ani¬ 
mals are found in Australia. 

The leaves of some of the trees are placed edgewise, 
so that they cast hardly any shade. 

The kangaroo is an animal with short fore legs and 
long, powerful hind legs. A full-grown kangaroo, when 
standing on its hind legs, is about six feet high; it is the 
largest of the native animals. The duck-bill has web- 
feet and a bill like a duck, but is covered with hair. 

5. The native inhabitants belong to the 
Malay, or brown, race ; they are fast disappearing. 

6. The English Colonies.—The continent 
of Australia and the islands of Tasmania and 
New Zealand belong to Great Britain. 

7. Australia is divided into five colonies. 
The chief occupations are sheep-raising, farming, 
and mining. Wool and wheat are the principal 
exports. Gold mines have been opened which 
yield about as much as those of California. 

Melbourne and Sydney are the largest cities. 

8. Tasmania and New Zealand are British 
colonies. Tin is found in Tasmania, and gold 
in New Zealand, but farming is the principal 
occupation. 

Hobart is the capital of Tasmania; Welling¬ 
ton, of New Zealand. 


9. New Guinea belongs to the Dutch, Ger¬ 
mans, and British; New Caledonia to the 
French. 

10. Many of the Islands of the Pacific 
Ocean are of coral formation. They have a 
moist, tropical climate. The cocoa-palm and 
the bread-fruit tree are native plants. 

11. The Fiji Islands belong to Great Brit¬ 
ain. The inhabitants are of the Malay race. 

12. The Hawaiian Islands form a native 
republic. The people have become civilized. 

Honolulu, the capital, has a large trade with 
San Francisco. 

Questions. —4. What is said of the plants and ani¬ 
mals of Australia?—5. Of the inhabitants?—6. To what 
nation do Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand belong? 

7. Into how many colonies is the continent of Aus¬ 
tralia divided? What are uhe chief occupations? Ex¬ 
ports? What is said of the gold mines? Where is 
Melbourne ? Sydney ? 

8. Where is Tasmania ? New Zealand? What metal 
is found in Tasmania? In New Zealand? W r hat is the 
chief occupation? What is the capital of each?—9. 
Where is New Guinea? New Caledonia? To what 
countries do New Guinea and New Caledonia belong ? 

10. How have many of the Pacific islands been formed? 
Describe them. Name and locate the principal groups. 

11. Describe the Fiji Islands. To what nation do 
they belong ? 

12. Where are the Hawaiian Islands? W r hat is the 
capital ? 



















GENERAL REVIEW. 


79 


GENERAL REVIEW. 


What does Geography tell about ?—What is the shape 
of the earth ?—What is the earth’s axis ?—What direction 
is nearly east ?—West ?—Where is north ?—South ?— 
What are the poles ?—What is the equator ?—What are 
parallels ?—Meridians ?—What is latitude ?—Longitude ?—■ 
What is a continent ?—How many continents are there ?— 
What is an island ?—An archipelago ?—A peninsula ?—A 
cape?—A promontory? — A plain? — A plateau? — A 
mountain system ?—A valley, or basin ?—An ocean ?—A 
gulf, or bay ?—A strait, or channel ?—A spring ?—A 
river ?—A lake ?—A hemisphere ? 

How many continents in the Eastern hemisphere ?— 
In the Western hemisphere ?—What grand-divisions com¬ 
pose the Western continent ?—The Eastern ?—Name and 
bound the five oceans.—Name the zones.—What is the 
general climate of each ?—Name some plants of the 
torrid zone.—Of the temperate zones.—Of the frigid 
zones.—What are deserts ?—Prairies, or steppes ?—Name 
some wild animals of each of the zones.—Some domestic 
animals.—Describe the five races of man.—Describe civ¬ 
ilized, half-civilized, and savage life.—Name the four prin¬ 
cipal occupations of man, and give an illustration of 
each.—Describe the difference between the two principal 
kinds of government.—What is the capital of a coun¬ 
try ?—Name the five principal religions of the world. 

Bound North America.—Describe its surface.—Name 
and locate the two great mountain systems of North 
America.—Name its largest rivers.—Name and locate 
three bays.—Four gulfs.—Five peninsulas.—Six capes.— 
Seven lakes.—Describe its climate.—Vegetation.—Ani¬ 
mals.—Inhabitants.—Name its divisions.—What islands 
form the northern part ?—What islands lie south-east ? 

Bound the United States.—Describe its surface.— 
Drainage systems.—The leading occupations of the in¬ 
habitants.—What is the capital ?—How many states are 
there in the Union?—How many territories?—What 
other divisions ?—What states border on the Atlantic 
Ocean ?—On the Gulf of Mexico ?—On the Mississippi 
River ?—On the Great Lakes ?—What divisions on the 
Pacific coast ?—The Canadian border ?—Which is the 
largest state ?—The smallest ?—The most central ?—Which 
one extends farthest north?—Farthest south?—Bound 
and describe Alaska. 

Name the New England States.—What is the leading 
industry ? — Describe Maine.— New Hampshire.— Ver¬ 
mont.—Massachusetts.—Rhode Island.—Connecticut.— 
Name and locate the capital of each. 

Name the Middle States.—What is the leading occu¬ 
pation ?—Bound and describe New York.—New Jersey.— 
Pennsylvania.—Delaware.— Maryland.—Virginia.—West 
Virginia.—Name and locate the capital of each.—De¬ 
scribe New York City. 

Name the Southern States.—What is the leading occu¬ 
pation ?—The chief crop ?—Bound and describe North 
Carolina.—South Carolina.—Georgia.—Florida.—Tennes¬ 
see.—Alabama.— Mississippi.— Louisiana. —Arkansas.— 
Texas.—Oklahoma Territory.—Locate the capital of each. 

Name the Central States.—Describe the surface.— 
Occupations of the people.—The principal crops.—Bound 
Ohio. — Indiana. — Kentucky. — Illinois. — Iowa. — Mis¬ 
souri.—Kansas.—Nebraska.—Locate the capital of each. 

E. G.— g. 


Name the five Northern states.—Describe the sur¬ 
face.—The occupations of the inhabitants.—Bound Mich¬ 
igan.—Wisconsin.— Minnesota.— North Dakota.— South 
Dakota.—Name and locate the capital of each. 

What two divisions of the United States are crossed 
by the Rocky Mountains ?—Name seven states in these 
divisions. — Two territories.— Describe their surface.— 
The occupations of the inhabitants.—Bound Colorado.— 
Utah.—New Mexico.—Arizona.—Montana.—Wyoming.— 
Idaho.—Oregon.—Washington.—What is the capital of 
each state and territory ? 

Name the Western States.—Describe their surface.— 
The occupations of the inhabitants.—Bound California.— 
Nevada.—What and where is the capital of each ? 

Bound British America. — Describe its surface.— 
Climate.—Name some of its rivers and lakes.—What are 
the principal productions ?—The leading occupations ?— 
Name the provinces of the Dominion of Canada.—Locate 
the capital of each.—What is the capital of the Do¬ 
minion, and where located?—Describe the province of 
Newfoundland.—What is its capital ?—What part of the 
main-land is under the control of Newfoundland ? 

Bound Mexico.—Describe its surface.—Climate.—Pro¬ 
ductions.—Locate the capital.—Describe Central Amer¬ 
ica.—The West Indies.—Name the three chains compos¬ 
ing them.—Which is the largest island ?—What is the 
capital of Cuba?—How is Haiti divided? 

Bound South America.—Describe its surface.—Name 
three large rivers.—Describe the climate.—The animals.— 
The inhabitants.—What are the states of South Amer¬ 
ica ?—Bound Brazil.—Guiana.—Venezuela.—Colombia.—■ 
Ecuador.—Peru.—Bolivia.—Chile. — Argentine Republic. 
— Uruguay.— Paraguay. — Tell the form of government 
and locate the capital of each. 

Bound Europe.—Describe its surface.—Principal riv¬ 
ers.—Population.—Animals.—Into how many states is 
Europe divided ?—Which are republics, and which mon¬ 
archies ?—Describe the British Isles.—What is the cap¬ 
ital ?—Bound Norway.—Sweden.—Russia.—Germany.— 
Austro-Hungary.—Denmark.—The Netherlands.—Switz¬ 
erland. — France. — Spain.—Portugal.—Italy.—Turkey.— 
Roumania.—Servia.—Montenegro.—Greece.—Name and 
locate the capital of each. 

Where is Asia?—Describe its surface and principal 
rivers.—The climate.—The animals.—The inhabitants.— 
Describe the Russian Possessions in Asia.—Describe the 
Chinese Empire, and give its capital.—Japan.—Farther 
India.— India. — Persia. — Afghanistan. — Baluchistan.— 
Turkestan.—Describe Turkey in Asia.—Arabia.—Malay 
Archipelago. 

Where is Africa ?—Describe the surface and the prin¬ 
cipal rivers.—The climate and the vegetation.—The ani¬ 
mals and the inhabitants.—Bound and give the capital 
of each of the Barbary States.—Egypt.—Abyssinia.— 
Cape Colony and Natal.—Describe the Sahara.—The 
Soudan.—Central Africa.—Madagascar. 

Where is Australia? — Describe the surface. — The 
climate, the animals, and the inhabitants.—Name the En¬ 
glish colonies in Australia.'—Give the capital of each.— 
Describe Tasmania.—New Zealand.—New Guinea.—The 
Fiji Islands.—The Hawaiian Islands. 













AREAS AND POPULATION.-1890-1. 


SUMMARY. 

^ AR \n, Population. 

Sq. Miles. 

Asia . . . 16,956,284 823,155,251 

Africa . . 11,514,985 168,497,091 

North America 9,349,741 88,003,212 

• South America 6,887,794 33,565,882 

Europe . . 3,942,530 360,580,788 

Australia, etc., 3,709,781 5,683,968 


The World, 52 

,361,115 1 

,479,486,192 

ASIA. 


Russian Empire, 6,465,339 

14,126,793 

Chinese Empire, 

4,278,599 358,500,000 

Japanese Empire 

, 160,961 

43,072,020 

Corea . . . 

84,424 

10,519,000 

British Indiafinc. 


Nepal, etc.), 

1,845,099 

296,156,000 

Siam . . . . 

308,893 

9,000,000 

French India. . 

189,202 

19,197,000 

Baluchistan . . 

166,802 

1,020,000 

Afghanistan . . 

239,778 

4,600,000 

Turkestan . . . 

127,805 

1,780,000 

Persia . . . . 

635, 161 

7,500,000 

Turkey (inc. Is- 



land of Cyprus 

), 7 i 3.°67 

15,688,438 

Arabia (includ. 



Aden) . . . 

967,267 

2,272,000 

Malav Archi- 



pelago . . . 

773.851 

39,458,000 

Total Asia, 1 

6,956,284 823,155,251 

AFRICA. 


Morocco . . . 

313,642 

8,016,000 

Algeria . . ' . 

257.578 

3.855.000 

Tunis . . . . 

44,906 

1,500,000 

Tripoli.... 

399 ,°! 2 

1,000,000 

Egypt . . . . 

361,134 

6,818,000 

Abyssinia. . . 

196,147 

4,500,000 

Sahara . . . 

2,386,352 

2,500,000 

Soudan . . . 

2,969.348 

87,164,000 

Somali Land 

812,620 

13,092,000 

Kongo State . . 

865,383 

14,100,000 

Portuguese South 


Africa . . . 

826,836 

13,200,000 

German South 



Africa . . . 

691,272 

3,100,000 

South African 



Republic . . 

113,634 

679,000 

Orange Free 



State. . . . 

50.465 

208,000 

British South 



Africa . . . 

988,994 

4,221,000 

Madagascar and 



other islands, 

237,662 

4 . 544.091 

Total Africa, 11,514,985 

168,497,091 

NORTH 

AMERICA. 

Greenland and 



Iceland . . . 

878,202 

79.445 

British America, 3,777,641 

5,033,681 


( 80 ) 


UNITED STATES. 
Area in 


Alabama . . 

Sq. Miles. 

. 52,250 

Arkansas . . 

• 53.850 

California . . 

. 158,360 

Colorado . . 

. 103,925 

Connecticut. . 

. 4.990 

Delaware . . 

. 2,050 

Florida . . . 

. 58,680 

Georgia . . . 

• 59-475 

Idaho .... 

. 84,800 

Illinois . . . 

. 56,650 

Indiana . . . 

• 36,350 

Iowa .... 

. 56,025 

Kansas . . . 

. 82,080 

Kentucky 

. 40,400 

Louisiana . . 

. 48,720 

Maine . . . 

• 33,040 

Maryland . 

. 12,210 

Massachusetts . 

. 8,315 

Michigan 

• 58,915 

Minnesota . . 

• 83,365 

Mississippi , . 

. 46,810 

Missouri . . . 

. 69,415 

Montana. . . 

. 146,080 

Nebraska . . 

• 77,510 

Nevada . . . 

. I 10,700 

New Hampshire 

• 9,305 

New Jersey . . 

• 7,815 

New York . . 

• 49.170 

North Carolina. 

. 52,250 

North Dakota . 

• 70,795 

Ohio . . . . 

. 41,060 

Oregon . 

. 96,030 

Pennsylvania . 

• 45.215 

Rhode Island . 

. 1,250 

South Carolina. 

• 30,570 

South Dakota . 

• 77.650 

Tennessee . 

. 42,050 

Texas.... 

. 265,780 

Utah .... 

84,970 

Vermont. . . 

• 9,565 

Virginia . . . 

. 42,450 

Washington. 

. 69,1 80 

West Virginia . 

. 24,780 

Wisconsin . . 

. 56,040 

Wyoming . . 

• 97,890 

Delaware, Raritan, 

and N. Y. bays, 720 

Total States, 

2,719,500 

Alaska . . . 

• 577 , 39 ° 

Arizona . 

. I I 3,020 

District Columbia, 70 

Indian Territorv 

1 

(Indians, 50,616; J-31,400 

all others, 128,705) j 

Ind. in St.& oth.Terr’s, 

New Mexico 

. 122,580 

Oklahoma . 

• 39.030 

Total Terrs . 

. 883,490 

Am. Por. Gt. Lakes, 65,177 

Total U S. . 

3,668,167 


Population. 

1,513,017 

1,128,179 

1,208,130 

412,198 

746,258 

168,493 

391.422 

1 . 837.353 
84,385 
3,826,351 
2,192,404 
1,91 1,896 
1,427,096 
1,858,635 
1,118,587 
661,086 
1,042,390 
2,238,943 
2,093,889 
1,301,826 
1,289,600 
2,679,184 

132,159 

1,058,910 

45.76i 

376 , 53 ° 

1 , 444,933 

5 . 997,853 

i, 6 i 7,947 

182,719 

3,672,316 

3*3.767 

5,258,014 

345,506 

1,151,149 

328,808 

1,767,518 

2,235.523 

207,905 

332.422 

1,655,980 

349 - 39 ° 

762,794 

1,686,880 

60,705 


62,116.811 
32,052 
59,620 
230,392 


I Area in 

Population 

1 Mexico . . . 

75 L 584 

11 , 395,712 

Central America 

179,730 

3,010,324 

! West Indies. . 

94.417 

5,504,284 

Total N. Atner. 9,349,741 

88,036,789 

SOUTH 

AMERICA. 

Colombia . . 

464.537 

3,321,052 

Venezuela . . . 

403,067 

2,238,900 

Guiana, British, 

88,652 

282,066 

Dutch, 

49,848 

66,037 

French, 

30,465 

25.797 

Brazil.... 3 

,228,452 

' 14,600,000 

Ecuador. . . . 

115,680 

1,204,400 

Peru. 

439,014 

2,980,000 

Bolivia . . . . 

515456 

1 , 434,800 

Chile. 

299,626 

3 , 165.300 

Argentine Rep. 1,077,032 

3,203,700 

Paraguay 

97,726 

330,000 

Uruguay. . . . 

68,qq9 

711,700 

Islands . . . . 

9.540 

2,130 

Total S. Atner. 6,887,794 

33,565,882 

EUROPE. 


British Possess’ns, 

121,610 

38,087,470 

France (inc. Mo- 



naco& Andorra) 

207,299 

38,238,207 

Spain (inc. Balear 



ic Isles) . . . 

191,994 

17,246,688 

Portugal.... 

35-745 

4,709,910 

Belgium . 

11.374 

6,093,798 

Netherlands . . 

12,742 

4.558,095 

Luxemburg. 

999 

211,088 

Denmark . . . 

' 5,295 

2,185,159 

Germany 

209,995 

49424,135 

Switzerland (inc. 



Lakes). . . . 

16,192 

2 , 933.334 

Austro-Hungary, 

261,318 

42,630,650 

Italy (inc. San 



Marino) . . . 

110,680 

30,166,328 

Norway and 



Sweden . . . 

299.572 

6 , 773,585 

Russia in Europe,2, 

198,487 

98,840,489 

Turkey in Europe, 105,234 

8 , 907,375 

Roumama . . . 

50,589 

5,000,000 

Servia. 

18,576 

2 , 157.477 

Montenegro . . 

3 , 5 o 6 

200,000 

Greece and Islands, 25,143 

2,217,000 

Spitzbergen, etc. . 

46,180 



Total Europe, 3,942,530 360,580,788 


179,321 

146,143 

153.593 

61,834 


862,955 


62,979,766 


AUSTRALIA, ETC. 


Australia. . . 2 

945,229 

3,073,000 

Tasmania . . . 

26,215 

156,622 

New Zealand . . 

104,663 

673.500 

New Guinea . . 

311.965 

837,000 

Hawaiian Islands. 

6,567 

92,050 

Other Islands . . 

61,464 

851,796 

So. Polar Region . 

253,678 

TotalAust.,etc. 3 

709,781 

5,683,968 










































VOCABULARY. 


81 




VOCABULARY. 


KEY. 


Fate 

Me 

Tin 

For 

Furl 

gem 

Fat 

Met 

Pique 

Do 

Rude 

get 

Care 

There 

Firm 

Food 

My 

n as in link 

Far 

Veil 

Note 

Foot 

Hymn 

n = ny 

East 

Term 

Not 

Hue 

9, 9h = s, sh 

§ = z 

Fall 

Fine 

Done 

Nut 

c, eh = k 

th as in thine 


N = ng 

R = rr in terror. 
a,g, etc., have the 
obscure sound. 
Letters italicized 
are silent. 


Ab-ys-sin'i-g, 

Ad'e-laide 

Ad-I-ron'dack 

Ad-ri-at'ie 

.vE-ge'a (e-) 

Af-g/ian-is-tan' 

Af'ri-c a 

A-gul'has (-yas) 
Al-a-ba'm^ 
A-las'ka 
Al'b$-ny (al-) 
Al-be-marle' 
Al-bu-quer'que 
(-ker'ka) 
Al-ex-an'drI-a 
Al-ge'rl-ij, 

Al-geer§' 

Al-le-g/ta'ny 

Alde-gAe'ny 

Al-li-ga'tor 

Al-pac'a, 

Al'pine 
Alps (alps) 

Al-tal' (al-) 

Al-ta-ma-ha'(awl-) 

Am'a-zon 

A-mer'l-ca 

A-moor' 

Am'ster-dam 

A-nam' 

A n'de§ 

An-dros-eog'gin 
An-nap'o-lls 
Ant-are'tie 
An-til/es (an-) 
Ap'en-nlne 
A p-pa-la'c h 1 -^ n 
A-ra'bl-an 
Ar-a-fu'ra 
ArcA-i-pel'^-go 
Are'tic (arc-) 
Ar'gen-tlne (iir-) 
Ar-I-zo'na (ar-) 
Ark'an-sas 
Ar-ma-dil'lo 
Asia (a'she-a) 
A-sun'cion (-the- 
on) 

Atch'i-son 

Ath'eng 

At-lan'ta 

At-lan'tie 


At'las 
Au-gus'ta 
Aus'tin (os-) 
Aus-tra'li-a 
A us-tro-H un'gg.-ry 
A z'ov 

Bab-el Man'deb 
Bg-ha'm^ 

Ba-/u'a 

Bai'kal 

Bal-kan' 

Bal'tie 

Bal'ti-more 

Bang-kok' 

Ban'gor 
Bar'bg,-ry 
Ba-ta'vi-^ 
Bath'urst 
Bat'on Rouge 
(roozh) 

Be/ir'ing 

Bel-fast' 

Bel'gi-um 
Be 1 -grade' 

Bg-lize' 

Bekelsle' (-eel') 

Bel-do-ehls-tan' 

Ben-gal' 

Ber'lJn 

Berne 

Bid'de-ford 

Bir'maA 

Bis'ca// 

Big'marek 

Bl'son 

Blan'co 

Bloem-fon'tein 

Bo'a-con-strict'or 

Bo-go-ta' 

Boi-§e' Cit'y 

Bo-k/(a'ra 

Bo-liv'I-fj, 

Bom-baV 

BoR-deaux' (-do) 

Bdr'ne-o 

Bos'ton 

Both'm-a 

Bra/i'min-igm 

Bran'eo 

Bra-zil' 

Bra-zll'ian (-yan) 
Bra'zos 


Bres'law 

Brisbane 

Brus'sel§ 

Buck'cye (-i) 

Bu'da 

Bud-d/usm (bood-) 
Buenos Ayres 
(bo'nus a'riz) 
Bu'k/i^-rest 
Buz'zard§ 

€&-bool' 

€a-ea'o 

Cal'ro (Africa) 

Cal-cut'ta 

€al-e-do'ni-a 

Cal-i-for'ni-q, 

Cam-bo'dl-a 

Cam'bridge 

Cam'el 

Cam pea'cliy 

Can'a-dg, 

Ca-nav'er-^l 

Cancer 

Canon (kan-yun') 

Can-ton' 

Cap'ri-corn 

€a-rae'as 

Car'a-van 

€ar-Ib-be'an 

Car-o-li'ng, 

Car-pa'tlii-an 

Car-pen-ta'ri-a 

Cas'iii-an 

Caw-ca'sian (shun) 

Cau'cti-sus 

Qay-znne' 

Cetinje 

(chet-teen'ya) 
Vham'ois 
(sham'my) 
(^ham-plain' 
Char'i-ton 
Charleston 
f/'har'lotie 
fyhar'lotte-town 
Chat-tg-hoo'chee 
Chat-ta-noo'gg, 
Ches'a-peake 
ChesS nut 

Qhey-enne' (shl-) 1 

£hi-ca'gd 

Chil'i 


Chi'na 
Clii-ne§e' 
Chip'pe-wa 
C/iris'tian (-tyan) 
Chrls-ti-a'ni-a 
O'-maR-Ron' 
(,'in-e/m'ng. 
^'in-^in-na'ti 
Cir'cle 
(, iv'il-ized 
Cleveland 
Cli-mate 
Co-ldm'bl-a 
Col'o-ny 
Col-o-ra'do 
€o-lum'bi-a 
Com'pass 
Con-cep'9ion 
(-shun) 
Cdn'eorcl 
Con-dor 
Con-ga-ree' 
Con'go 
Con-nect'i-cut 
Con-sta n-ti-no'ple 
Con'ti-nent 
Co-pen-ha'ggn 
C6i’-dil'ler-{j,§ 
€oR-Ri-en'te§ 
Cor'sl-ea 
Cos-tii Ri'ea 
Cov'ing-ton 
€r 5 e'o-dde 
Cu'ba 

Cum'ber-land 

Oy'press 

Da-ko'tg, 

Dal'las 

Dan'ube 

Dav'en-port 

Dead'wood 

Dec'ean 

Del'a-ware 

Den'mark 

De§'ert 

Dee Moines' 

De-troit' 

DnZe'per 

Dmes'ter 

i Do-mln'ion (-yun) 
Dfib'lln 

Du-buqite' (-btike) 


Dwi'na 

Ec'ua-doR (-wa-) 
Ed'm-burgh 
(-bur-ruh) 
E'gypt 
Elbe 

El'e-phant (-fant) 
England 
(Ing'gland) 
E-qua'tor 
E'rle 

Er'mine (er'-) 
Es'qui-mog (-ki-) 
E-tlu-o'pLan 
Cil-re'k a 
E\\'ro\)e 
Ev'an§-vil/e 
FaZk'l^nd 
Fi'ji 

Flat'ter-y 
Flor'i-da 
Fdr'eif/n-er 
For-mo'sa 
Fringe 
Frlg'Id 
Gal-fi'nas 
Gal'ves-ton 
Gan'geg 
Ga-ronae' 
Gas-eon-ade' 
Gen-g-see' (jen-) 
Geor'gJ-a (jor'-) 
Ger'ma-ny 
G!-bral'tar (ji-) 
Gi'la (he'-) 
Gi-raf/e' (ji-) 
Glaser 
Glas'goze 
Go'bi 
Gon'dar 
Go-ril'lg, 
Gov'ern-ment 
Gov'er-nor 
Grand Trav'erse 
Great Brlt'am 
Greenwich 
(grln'Ij) 

Griq'ua-land (-wa) 
Gua-da-lupe' 

Guar da fui' 

(gwar d.a fwee') 
Gua-te-ma'la 


I G?<In'ea (gin'-) 
Guy-a'na (ge-) 

IIague 
Ha-i-ti' 

Han'ni-bg .1 

Hart'ford 

II at'ter-as 

Ua-van'a 

Hav're 

Heb'rl-de§ 

Hel'e-na (U. S.) 

II em'I-sphere 
(-sfer) 

If Im-a-la'ya 
Hin-doo Kdosh' 
Hin'doog 
H ip-po-pot'a-mus 
llo-ang' Ho 
Ho'bart 
Hon-du'r&s 
Hon-o-iu'lu 
Hoo'gier (-zhur) 
IIoM-sa-ton'ic 
H ous'ton 
Hu-e' 

II um'bolrft 

Hu'ron 

Hy-e'na 

I'da-ho 

Il-lI-noi§' 

I n'di-a 

In'di-^n 

In-di-an'g, 

In-di-an ap'o-lls 
In'd!e§ 

In'clus 

In-gen'ious (-yus) 
I'o-wa 
I-ran' (e-) 
Ir-kootsk' 

Isl'and (il-) 

IsZ/t'mus 

It'a-ly 

I-tas'ea 

J ag-u-ar' 

.la-mai'ca 

Jarpan' 

Jap-a-ne§e' 

Ja'va 

J e-ru'sa-lem 
Kam-chat'kg, 

Kg,-n a'w/tg. 




















82 

ELEMENTARY 

GEOGRAPHY. 


Kan-gg-roo' 

Ma-niba 

New'found-lgnd 

Pi-lot Jihob' 

San Juan 

Tem'per-ate 

Kan'gas 

Man-is-iee' 

New Jer'gey (nu-) 

Pla-teau' (-to) 

(hob-an') 

Ten-nes-see' 

Kar'nak 

Man-i-to-ba' 

New r Or'le-gng(br-) 

Po-po-cat-g-petl' 

San Lu'eas 

Terre llaute' 

Kas-kas'ki-g 

Mar'g-mee 

Nl-ag'a-ra 

Port'age 

San Lu'is 

(ter-ruh hote') 

Ka-taA'din 

Ma-ri'as 

Nie-a-ra'gua (gwa) 

Por-to Ri'co 

San Rii'fa-el 

TAi-an' Shan 

Ke-lat' 

Mar-sei/le§' 

Ni'ger 

Port'u-gal 

San S;ll'va-d6r 

TAib'et 

Ke-ni'a 

Mar-thg’g Vine'- 

Nile 

Port-u-gwese' 

San-ta BilR'ba-ra 

Ti-en-Tsin' 

Ken-ne-bee' 

yai’d 

N'i-o-bra' ra 

Po-to'niac 

San-tii Fe' 

Tif-lis' 

Ke'o-kuk 

Mas'-sg-chu'setis 

Nor'fodc 

Prabrie 

San-ti-a'go 

Tim-bue'too 

Ke-way'din 

Mat-g-gor'dg 

N or'way 

Preg'i-dent 

Sar-din'i-e 

Ti t-i-ea'ca 

Ke'wee-naw 

Mau-mee' 

No-va Seo'tia 

Pre-to'ri-a 

Sav'age 

To-ki'o 

KAe-d'ive' 

Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 

(shi-a) 

Prom'on-to-ry 

Sa-van'nah 

To-le'do 

KAin Gan' 

Mel'bourne 

Nue'geg (nwa-) 

Prov'I-denge 

Sean-di-na'vi-an 

To-ron'to 

KA'i'vg 

Mem'phis (-fis) 

Ny-as'sa (ne-) 

Pix-eb'lo 

Schuyl'kill 

ToR'Res 

Kil-i-man-j a-ro' 

Men-db-g'i'nb 

O'a-seg 

Pu'get 

(skool'-) 

Tor'rid 

Kio'lgn (kyo'ln) 

Me-rid'i-gn 

O'bi 

Pyr'e-neeg 

Sgi-o'to 

Trans-vaab 

Ri-o'to 

Mer'rl-mac 

O'cean (-shun) 

Que-bec' (kwe-) 

Se-at'tle 

Trib'u-ta-ry 

iTnbx'vibe 

Mex'i-eo 

Oe-mul'gee 

Quin'gy (kwin'-) 

Se-da'li-a 

Trip'o-li 

Kong 

Mi-a'mi 

O-cb'nee 

Qui'to (kee-) 

Seine 

Tuc-son' 

Kuen Liin' 

Mich'i-ggn (mish-) 

O-des'sii 

Ra-gine' 

Sel'vag 

T un'dra 

(kwen-) 

Miban 

O-gee-chee 

Ral'eiyA 

Sen-e-gam'bi-g, 

Tu'rin 

Lab'rg-dor 

Mibe Lacs' 

Ok-Aotsk' 

Read'ing 

Ser'vi-e 

XiiR-kis-tan' 

La Crosse 

Mil-watbkee 

O-lym'pi-g 

Re-gi'ne 

Sev'ern 

L T n'ion (yiin'yun) 

La Fay'ette' 

Min-ne-ap'o-lis 

O'ma-ha 

Rem'deer 

Shas'ta 

U-ni-ver'si-ty 

La Paz' 

Min-ne-so'tg 

O-man' 

Re-lig'ion 

Sho-shone' 

U'rgl 

Lar'a-mie 

Mis-sis-sip'pi 

Omsk (omsk) 

Reg-er-va'tion 

Shreve'port 

U'ru-guay (-gwa) 

Las Ve'ggs 

Mis-spw'ri 

On-ta'ri-o 

(-shun) 

Si-am' 

U'tah 

Lat'i-tude 

Mo-bile' 

Or'ange (or'enj) 

RAe'a 

Si-be'ri-e 

Val-pa-rai'so 

Leav'en-worth 

Mo-ham'med-an 

Or'e-gon 

RAine 

Sig'i-ly 

Van-eou'ver 

Le'ng 

Mo-ha've 

O-ri-no'eo 

RAi-nop e-ros 

Si-eR'Ra Leo'ne 

Ven-e-zue'le (zwe) 

Leopard 

Mo'haiek 

O-sage' 

RAode Isl'and (il-) 

Si-eR'i:a MaD're 

Ve-ra Cruz' 

Lev'ee 

Mon'arcA-y 

Osh'kosh 

Rich'mond 

Si-eR'iij Ne-vil'da 

Verde 

Li-be'ri-g 

Mon-gb'li-g 

Os'trich 

Ri'ga 

Sioux 

Ver'di-grs 

L'i'ma 

Mon-go'll-an 

Ot'ta-wa 

Ri-o de la Pla'ta 

Smyr'ne (smer-) 

Vie-to'ri-e 

Lin^o/n 

Monk'ey 

O-zark' 

Ri-o Grande del 

Sol'o-mon 

Vi-en'ne 

Lig'bon 

Mo-no n-gg-he'lg 

Pa-gif'ie 

NoR'te 

So-mau'li 

Vir-gin'i-e 

Liv'er-pool 

Mon-ro'vi-a 

Pa'dre 

Ri-o Ja-nebro 

Sor'gAum 

Vist'u-lii 

L/a'ma 

Mon-ta'na 

Pa'ggn 

Ri-o Pa-ra' 

Sou-diin' 

Vol-ea'no 

Lla'no Es-ta-ca'do 

Mon-te-ne'gro 

Pal'es-tine 

Ro-a-noke' 

Sta-no-voi' 

Vobge 

(lya-) 

Mon-te-vid'e-o 

Pa-mir' 

Roch'es-ter 

Steppe 

Wa'bash 

Lla/no§ (lya/-) 

Mont-gom'er-y 

Pam'li-eo 

(rotch-) 

Ster'ile 

Wal'la Wabha 

Loire (Iw&r) 

Mont-pe'lier(lyer) 

Pam'pag 

Ru-ma'ni-a 

Still'wa-ter 

War'saw 

Lon'don 

Mont-re-ab 

Pan-a-ma' 

Russia (rush'sha) 

Stock'holm 

Wa-satch' 

Lon'gi'tude 

Mo-roe'cb 

Par'al-lel 

Sa-bine' 

Sii'ere 

Wash'ing-ton 

Lou-i-g'i-a'ng 

Mos'eow 

Pa-ra-mar'i-bo 

Sag'i-naw 

Su'ez 

W ash'i-ta 

Low'is-vibe 

Mos-qui'to (-kee'-) 

Pa-ra-na' 

Sg-ha'ra 

Su-lei-man' 

Wich'i-ta 

Loup 

Mt. De-sert' 

Pa-ri-na' 

Sai-gon' 

Sul'tan 

Wil-lam'etie 

Low/eb 

Mo-zam-bique' 

Par'is 

St. Au'gus-tine 

Su-ma'tra 

Win-ne-ba'go 

Ly’nch'burg 

Mus-eat' 

Pat-g-go'ni-a 

St. Clair' 

Sun'da 

Win-ni-pi-seog'ee 

Ly'ong 

Mus-ke'gon 

Pe'cos 

St. €roi.r 

Su-pe'ri-or 

(-sok'i) 

Mg-eas'sar 

Mus-king'um 

Pe King' 

St. Jo'geph (-zefj 

Sus-que-han'ne 

Wi-no'na 

Mg-ghin'er-y 

Nan King' 

Pem'bi-ng 

St. Law'renge 

Swe'dgn 

W orces-ter 

Mack-en'zie 

Nan-tuck'et 

Pen-in'su-la (shu-) 

St. Loibis 

Switz'er-land 

(woos'-) 

Mack'i-nae 

Na'ples 

Penn-syl-va'ni-a 

St. Pawl' do Lo- 

Syd'ney 

Wotch'ish 

Mad-a-gas'ear 

Nar-ra-gan'sett 

Pe-nob'sebt 

an'dg 

Syr'i-a 

VV y-o'ming 

Ma-debrg 

Nash'u-a 

Pe-o'ri-a 

St. Pe'terg-burg 

Ta-hoe' 

Y it-blo-noi' 

Mad-i-son 

Na-tal' 

Per'sia ('shi-a) 

Sa-linc' 

Ta-na-na-ri'vo 

Ya-ko'ba 

Mad-ras' 

Natch'ei^ 

Pe-ru' 

Saim'on 

Tan-gan-yi'ka 

Yam'pa 

Mad-rld' 

Ne-brasjfal) 

PestA 

San An-to'ni-o 

Ta'pir 

Yang-tse Ki-ang' 

Ma-geblan 

Ne'groeg ^ 

^etjehdjra 

San Bias 

Tash-kend' 

Yen-i-se'i 

Ma-hog-g-ny 

N e-b'sho 

■T«IroTe-um 

San Do-min'go 

Tag-ma'ni-g, 

Yo-sem'i-te 

Mal'g-bar 

Neth'er-lands 

Phil-a-del'phi-g 

Sand'wich 

7 'chad 

Yu-cg-tan' 

Mil-lay' 

Neuse 

(fil-a-del'fi-a) 

San Fran-cis'co 

Te-gu-ci-gal'pa 

Yu'kon 

Ma-na'gua (-gwa) 

N eu'we-veld 

Phil'ip-pine (fib-) 

San-gre de Cris'to 

Te-he-ran' 

Zan-zi-biir 

Man'ghes-ter 

(nyu've-velt) 

Pee-ter-mar'itz- 

San Joaquin 

Te-huan'te-pec 

Zecblgnd 

Man'da-lay 

New'ark (nu'-) 

burg 

(no-akeen') 

(-wan-) 

Ze'bra 







































































































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